Unit 8

Instinct Theory

Behavior that is unlearned and classified as instincts.

Drive-reduction theory

Focuses on physiological needs that create an aroused/motivated state to reduce the need.

Arousal theory

Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal.

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Needs take priority, with hunger and thirst being the most important.

Appetite-stimulating/suppressing hormones

Secreted by areas of the hypothalamus to regulate appetite.

Weight thermostat

The point at which the body's metabolic rate combines to restore lost weight.

Carbs and serotonin

High-calorie foods boost the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a calming effect.

Situational influences on eating

Aroused appetite, serving size, friends and food, selections/variety, and nudging nutrition.

Sexual motivation

Nature's way of making people procreate.

Testosterone and estrogen

Hormones involved in sexual behavior.

Sexual response cycle

Four stages of sexual responding.

Affiliation Need

The deep need to belong.

Benefits of belonging

Boosting health/well-being, satisfying relationships, and making life meaningful.

James-Lange Theory

Arousal comes before emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously.

Shachter-Singer Two Factor Theory

Arousal + Label = emotion; arousal fuels emotion and cognition channels it.

Primary emotions

Anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and happiness.

Brain activity and emotions

More reliable than heart rate, breathing, and perspiration when telling emotions.

Facial expressions and emotions

More universal than gestures.

Facial feedback effect

Facial muscle states trigger corresponding feelings.

Behavior feedback effect

Behavior influences thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Stress appraisal

Stress arises from how we appraise events.

General Adaptation Syndrome

The body's adaptive response to stress in three phases.

Tend-and-befriend response

Common in women, involves seeking social support in response to stress.

Defense mechanisms

Strategies used by the ego to protect itself.

Projective tests

Designed to give insight into a person's unconscious mind.