Unit 1 | IB BIO HL

parts of a nucleotide

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

Features of DNA and RNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, photodiester bonds

features of dna

deoxyribose sugar, double helix, storage of genetic information

features of rna

ribose sugar, uracil, single stranded, access to genetic information

In a certain species, the DNA composition is 23% adenine. Calculate the relative abundance of the other 3 nitrogenous bases.

23% thymine, 27% guanine, 27% cytosine

Draw and label a polynucleotide strand with the following base sequence: 5' AGT 3'

Briefly describe the Miller-Urey experiment and identify what was produced by the experiment

Attempted to simulate the conditions on prebiotic earth to test ideas about early life

LUCA

last universal common ancestor. unicellar, autotrophic microbe

Outline the pieces of evidence for LUCA

universal genetic code, conserved genes across all organisms

places luca formed

hydrothermal vents that were mineral rich

List the 3 statements of cell theory

1. All living things are made of one or more cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. cells come from preexisting life

Identify the 4 structures that all cells share

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, dna, ribosomes

Key features of animal cell

mitochondria, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Key features of plant cells

same as animal cells, except: chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall

Identify 2 atypical cells

protists, fungi

what makes fungi and protists unique

unlike plant and animal cells, they can be unicellular

Describe the pieces of evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane, their own ribosomes, circular dna, reproduce independently of the cell (similar to binary fission)

what was produced by the miller urey experiment

amino acids

define prebiotic

pre- before

What did Hershey and Chase do?

determined that dna was the genetic material

what did watson and crick do?

Proposed the structure of DNA to be a double helix with complementary base pairing

The nitrogenous base bonds to the \___ carbon on the pentose sugar

1'

The phosphate on a nucleotide bonds to the \___ carbon on the pentose sugar on the same nucleotide

5'

The bond between monomers on a polynucleotide is a(n)

phosphodiester bond

The bonds between two DNA polynucleotides are \______ bonds

hydrogen

the monomer of nucleic acids is

nucleotide

The pentose sugar for DNA is \____________, while the pentose sugar for RNA is \________

deoxyribose; ribose

\__________ 's research lead to the conclusion that the proportions of nucleotides can be used to identify the species for a given DNA strand

Chargaff

Using Chargaff's data, Watson and Crick concluded that the complementary base pairing is

A pairs with T, G pairs with C

If the template strand is 5' ATTGGCT 3', the complementary strand would be

3'TAACCGA5'

what is represented by A and G in the diagram?

Purine

what kind of bond is the phosphodiester bond?

Covalent bond

pyramidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil (CUT)

purines

adenine and guanine (AG)

Pigs, unlike other mammals, do not sweat. In order to cool their bodies, they roll in wet mud on hot days. This also has the benefit of acting like sunscreen and protecting them from sunburn. Which 2 characteristics of life are MOST DIRECTLY related to this?

h, response

CHARRGED

cells, homeostasis, adapts/evolves, reproduces, responds to stimuli, grows, energy, dna

While fish originated in the salty waters of the ocean, many have made fresh water their home over the millenia. These fish now have structures that allow them to keep appropriate levels of salt and water in their cells that differ from their salt-water cousins. Which 2 characteristics of life are MOST DIRECTLY related to this?

h, a

After being separated by the Isthmus of Panama, two populations of crustaceans became genetically distinct over the past few thousand years and can no longer effectively reproduce with each other. This is a DIRECT result of which characteristic of life?

a

Some fruit, such as watermelon, have been created without seeds. The lack of seeds most directly affects which characteristic of life?

reproduces

What structure of life do viruses LACK?

cells

What is a virus made of?

It is made only of a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.

In the Miller-Urey experiment, what did they attempt to simulate in the lab?

Early atmospheric environment.

When you have a viral infection, such as the common cold or the flu, should you take antibiotics

no: they are not effective against viruses

endosymbiosis

when a cell eats another cell to make a better cells

endosymbiotic theory

how mitochondria and choloroplasts developed