Chapter 21: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction
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49 Terms
What did the patterns of long-distance trade develop?
Trading cities and emporia
What did the nomadic invasions cause?
Local devastation but it expanded the trade network
What is an example of the nomadic invasions that caused a local devastation?
The Mongols in China, thirteenth century
Who is Marco Polo?
Son of a merchant who entered the service of Mongol Khubilai Khan
Who recorded Marco Polo's travels?
By a fellow prisoner in Venice-Genoa conflict/prison
Who invited the Mongols to convert to Christianity?
Pope Innocent IV
What was the Mongol's counter-offer of the invite of Christianity?
Christians accept Mongol rule or face destruction
Who is Rabban Sauma?
Nestorian Christian priest who travelled for religious reasons
Who is Ibn Battuta?
Islamic scholar who worked in governments on extensive travel
What was the strict punishment based on?
Sharia law
Who is John of Montecorvino?
Someone who travelled to China and translates Biblical texts and built churches
What are troubadours?
People who go around singing songs and telling stories
Where is the magnetic compass from?
China
What caused the growth in slave trade?
The need for sugarcane
What was the "little ice age"?
Decline of agricultural output leads to widespread famine
What came from Southwest China, carried by fleas on rodents?
The Bubonic plague
What was one consequence of starvation and poverty?
Susceptibility to disease
What were the attempts to stop the plague?
A doctor's robe and "leeching"
What does flagellanti mean?
Self-inflicted "penance" for our sins
Who were the pogroms?
People against the Jews
How many people died because of the Bubonic plague?
25,000,000 dead
What was the mortality rate of the Bubonic plague?
35% - 70%
What were the political, economic, and social effects of the Bubonic plague?
Massive labor shortage, demand for higher wages, population movements, and governments attempt to freeze wages/stop serf movements
What was a result of the governments attempting to freeze wages?
Riots
What was the Ming dynasty also called?
The "brilliant" dynasty
What are mandarins?
Emissaries
What was there a heavy reliance on in the reestablished Ming dynasty?
Eunuchs
In the reestablished Ming dynasty, what system was reestablished, as well?
Confucian educational system
Who commissioned the Encyclopedia?
Emperor Yongle
Was China centralized or decentralized?
Centralized
Who had an army of 15,000?
French Louis XI
How was Philip of Valois selected as king?
The French nobility selected him, a cousin of the last king through the male line
What title did King Edward III of England claim?
"King of France"
What was the conflict with Flanders?
Flanders wanted its independence from french control
What was the war's characteristics?
Series of short raids and expeditions punctuated by a few major battles, marked off by truces or ineffective treaties
What was the battle of Poitiers?
Repeat of Crécy; resulted in the capture of the French king
When the French king was captured, who was France ruled by?
The Estates general
Who was the French king that was captured?
John II
What was the purpose of the Estates general being in charge?
To secure the funds for the war
Why was Richard II forced to abdicate?
He was charged with tyranny
Which house was Henry IV from?
The House of Lancaster
What was the result of the war?
A truce was signed ending both the French and British nobilities
What was the treaty that ended that battle of Agincourt?
Treaty of Troyes
What was the first major French victory?
The battle of Orléans
Who was Joan of Arc?
A woman who dressed like a man and was Charles' most feared military leader
Who worked with real human anatomy and musculature?
leonardo da Vinci
What was the architecture of the renaissance period?
Domed cathedrals
Who were the Humanists?
Those who believed in the rejection of monastic lifestyle in favor of morally virtuous life while engaged in the world
What did Desiderius Erasmus do?
A man who published critical Greek-latin edition of the New Testament