JFK Complete

Date and Stats of the Sit-ins.

Began Feb 1st 1960, spread to over 50,000 protestors across 3,000 protest in 7 states

Results of the Sit-ins?

Led to creation of Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Arrest of MLK.

CORE’s Campaign in 1947?

Journey of Reconciliation, tested desecration of interstate buses.

Results of Freedom Rides (1961)

Riders faced violent attacks, e.g. bus bombing in Anniston, Alabama. Began with 13 riders, expanded to 60 more rides.

What did Bobby Kennedy make the ICC do?

Enforcing desegregation of Interstate Buses on Nov. 1st 1961.

What was the Albany Campaign?

Organised by SNCC and MLK in Albany, Georgia, to peacefully protest segregation.

Meredith’s involvement and US response.

Entered Ole Miss on Oct. 1st 1962. After a NAACP Legal Victory, sparking riots causing 2 deaths. Bobby deployed 500 US Marshals for protection.

Why did JFK federalise the Nat. Guard?

June 1963 Governor Wallace refused entry to black students.

When and what was the Birmingham Campaign?

1963, Organised by SCLC targeted Birmingham for known brutality under Bull Connor.

When and What was The March on Washington?

Aug. 1963, Organised by SCLC, SNCC, NAACP, MLK to pressure congress on CR legislation.

Stats and Events for March on Washington.

Over 200k marchers at the Lincoln Memorial. MLK “I have a Dream Speech”. Initially opposed by JFK but later supported with 19k troops.

What were White Citizens Councils?

Formed post-Brown v. Topeka, hit 60k members.

Actions of KKK?

Killed NAACP organiser Medgar Evers in 1963. Bombed Birmingham church killing 4 schoolgirls.

Role of Southern Dems (Dixiecrats)?

Often Filibustered CR bills, notably Strom Thurmond’s 24hr filibuster of 1957 CRA

What did Wallace say in his speech after winning in 1962?

“Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.”

What did JFK create in 1961 to promote integration?

EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)

How did JFK promote AA’s in Government?

Appointed 40 to top posts and appointed 5 black US circuit judges.

How did Bobby Kennedy fight for CR?

Led 57 cases against illegal violations of voter rights.

Why was JFK reluctant to push for Civil Rights?

Reliance on Dixiecrats to pass parts of legislative agenda.

How did JFK try satisfy dixiecrats?

Appointed 20% segregationist judges

Why was EEOC limited?

Did not achieve significant, boasted a rise from 1 to 2 employees as a 100% increase

What did JFK refer to SNCC as?

“sons of bitches” showing activist resentment.

Success of Manpower Development & Training Act of 1962?

Created 351 programs in 40 states to overcome unemployment

What significant change was made after Social Security Ammendments in 1961?

The amendments expanded benefits for the elderly and disabled.

By what percentage was the Minimum Wage increased during the New Frontier initiatives?

The Minimum Wage was increased by 25%.

How many new houses were funded as part of the New Frontier programs?

funded 100,000 new houses.

What improvements were made to food programs during the New Frontier initiatives?

240,000 more people received food stamps, and 700,000 children received free school lunches in 85,000 schools.

What was a key outcome of the Area Redevelopment Act of 1961?

The act created 26,000 jobs and funded 15,000 training placements.

What was the legislative success rate during the New Frontier?

35 of 58 bills were passed through Congress.

What social issue was being addressed alongside these programs?

Women's Rights.

What Initiatives did JFK fail to pass?

Civil Rights Act, Medicaid, Area Redevelopment Acts Reauthorization

How can impacts of the NF be seen as temporary?

Created short term jobs/training that lacked long term solutions

How much did JFK provide to NASA?

Allocated $9 Billion, boosting the space race.

How did JFK assist Women’s Rights?

Presidential Commission on the status of Women (1961) & Equal Pay Act (1963)

What did the Equal Pay Act (1963) provide?

Recovered $84 million for 171,000 women

How did JFK fail in Civil Rights Legislation?

Southern Democrats in Congress blocked legislation.

Result of the Omnibus Housing Act 1961?

Allocated $5 billion, but was criticised for favouring developers and not affordable housing.

Results of the 25 cent Min. Wage increase

Helped 500k of the poorest (inc. 150k Black Women in laundry work. But low payed workers were uncovered.

How much did JFK increase US Personnel in Vietnam? And why?

800-17,000. Avoid being seen as the pres. who lost vietnam.

What was MACV? (inc. Year and purpose)

Military Assistance Command Vietnam (1962), made to support south Vietnamese forces

Who did JFK receive backlash for supporting?

Diem. Was persecuted by buddhists (majority religion) causing protests.

When was Diem Assassinated and why?

1963. JFK supported a coup against him due to his failures.

Khrushchev’s impression of JFK after Vienna Summit?

JFK was naive and could be taken advantage of.

Stats and Date of the Berlin Wall

2 million fled to West Berlin from 1949 to 1958, Khrushchev built the Berlin Wall 13th Aug. 1963.

How did JFK portray the Berlin Wall?

Instructed Dean Rusk to use it as propaganda to show Capitalism > Communism.

Date and Purpose of JFK’s Berlin Speech?

June 1963, Reaffirm US commitment to defending Berlin.

Date and Purpose of Fidel Castro’s revolution?

1959, Overthrow Batista’s dictatorship.

Date & Results of the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

1961, JFK endorsed failed invasion of 1,600 Cuban exiles, pushing Castro towards USSR.

When and What was the Cuban Embargo?

Feb 7th 1962. JFK announced embargo on Cuba. In response, Khrushchev agreed to house Soviet missiles.

When and How was the discovery of missiles in Cuba?

14th Oct. 1962. U2 Spy Plane photographs confirmed Soviet missile sites under construction in Cuba.

When and What was the Naval Quarantine?

22nd Oct. JFK announced a 800km naval ‘quarantine’ (later reduced to 500km), To stop Soviet ships from delivering more weapons.

When and What was the standoff in Cuba?

24th October. Soviet Ships and a submarine approached the quarantine line, but turned back.

Khrushchev’s offer and demand?

Offered to remove missiles for a promise to not invade Cuba, demanded for removal of missiles from Turkey.

When and What was the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty?

Aug 1963. Banned Nuclear tests in atmosphere, space and underwater.