Chemistry: Solutions, Mixtures, and Reaction Types Overview

Solution is?

A homogeneous mixture (looks like one thing) - can be solid, liquid, or gas

Solute is?

Something that gets dissolved, present in less amount (ex. sugar in tea)

Solvent is?

Something that dissolves a substance, present in greater amount (ex. tea to sugar)

Miscible is?

2 solids, liquids, or gases that dissolve in each other completely (at any concentration) - forms a homogeneous mixture

Immiscible is?

2 substances that do not dissolve in each other - forms a heterogeneous mixture (ex. water and oil)

Solubility is?

How much solute will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature (ex. 36g NaCl will dissolve in 100g H2O at 25C)

Saturated means?

A substance contains a maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature

Unsaturated means?

More solute can be dissolved in a solution - contains less than the maximum amount of solute

Dilute

Contains less dissolved solute

Concentrated

Contains more dissolved solute

Polar solvent can?

Can dissolve other polar and ionic solutes

Nonpolar solvent can?

Can dissolve nonpolar solutes

Colligative Properties are?

Properties of a solution that differ from properties of a pure solvent - depends on the number of solute particles (concentration [1m, 2m, or 10%, 20%] and number of ions/particles of solute (ionic [falls apart into ions when dissolved] or covalent [does not fall apart when dissolved])) dissolved in solution

Freezing Point Depression means?

The freezing point of a solution will be lower than the freezing point of a pure solvent the more particles of a solute dissolved in solution (means lower freezing of solution)

Why does the freezing point lower when a solute is added?

Solute particles prevent solvent molecules from coming together and packing tightly into a solid - lower temperature required for solid to form (examples: salting roads, desalination, homemade ice cream)

Boiling Point Elevation means?

The boiling point of a solution will be higher than the boiling point of a pure solvent (the more solute particles dissolved = higher bp)

Why does the boiling point increase when a solute is added?

solute particles attract and hold solvent molecules in the liquid phase, occupying space on the solvent's surface, meaning a higher temperature is needed to boil (examples: antifreeze, engine coolant)

A+B -> AB (one product formed)

Synthesis/Combination Reaction

AB -> A+B (one reactant)

Decomposition Reaction

A+BC -> AC + B

Single Replacement Reaction

AB+CD -> AD+CB (positively charged goes with negatively)

Double Replacement Reaction

CxHy+?Ox(g) -> ?COx(g)+?H2O(l)

Combustion Reaction

How to Balance an Equation

Have the same number of each atom on both sides of the equation by placing coefficients in front of chemical formulas (NEVER CHANGE ANY SUBSCRIPTS)