Cardiovascular System - Heart Sounds and Blood Pressure

These flashcards cover essential concepts and definitions related to the cardiovascular system, heart sounds, and blood pressure measurements.

What are the two main phases of the cardiac cycle?

Systole (contraction) and Diastole (relaxation).

What is the first heart sound (S1) indicated by?

The closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves at the beginning of systole.

What does the second heart sound (S2) signify?

The closure of the semilunar (SL) valves at the end of systole.

What is the formula to calculate Pulse Pressure (PP)?

PP = Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure.

What is the normal range for systolic blood pressure (SBP)?

Less than 120 mmHg.

What condition is defined as a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing?

Orthostatic Hypotension.

What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

It acts as the heart's physiological pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses that cause contractions.

What is Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and how is it calculated?

MAP = Diastolic Pressure + (1/3 x Pulse Pressure).

What factors influence blood pressure?

Blood volume, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance.

How does blood flow through the heart?

From the body → Right atrium → Right AV valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary SL valve → Lungs → Left atrium → Left AV valve → Left ventricle → Aortic SL valve → Body.

What are Korotkoff sounds?

Sounds heard during blood pressure measurement that indicate changes in blood flow.

What is the function of valves in the heart?

To ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart chambers.