AP bio macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Function as a primary source of energy; examples include sugars and starches.

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules; examples are glucose and fructose.

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides; examples include sucrose and lactose.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates formed from long chains of monosaccharides; examples include glycogen and cellulose.

Lipids

Function primarily as long-term energy storage, insulation, and chemical signaling; examples include fats and oils.

Saturated fats

Solid at room temperature, found in animal products; examples include butter and lard.

Unsaturated fats

Liquid at room temperature, found in plant oils; examples include olive oil and canola oil.

Phospholipids

Form cell membranes; consist of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

Proteins

Function as structural components, enzymes, and signaling molecules; examples include enzymes and hemoglobin.

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins; there are 20 different types.

Peptide bonds

Link amino acids together to form proteins.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body; examples include amylase and lactase.

Nucleic Acids

Function in storing and transmitting genetic information; examples include DNA and RNA.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Double-stranded nucleic acid that stores genetic information.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.

Nucleotides

Building blocks of nucleic acids; consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Hydrophilic

Refers to molecules that are attracted to water; often seen in carbohydrates.

Hydrophobic

Refers to molecules that repel water; commonly found in lipids.

Functional groups

Specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine the characteristic reactions of those molecules.

Identifying carbohydrates

Look for the presence of -OH (hydroxyl) groups and ring or linear structure.

Identifying lipids

Check for long chains of carbon and hydrogen with few oxygen atoms.

Identifying proteins

Presence of amino acid chains and peptide bonds indicated through specific tests.

Identifying nucleic acids

Detect the presence of nucleotide sequences with complementary base pairing.

What macromolecule is this?

Carbohydrate

What macromolecule is this?

Lipid

• 2 unsaturated fatty acids

• 1 saturated fatty acid

What macromolecule is this?

Lipid

• steroid

What macromolecule is this?

Lipid

• phospholipid

What macromolecule is this?

Amino Acid

• Protein

What macromolecule is this?

Amino Acid

• Protein

What macromolecule is this?

Amino Acid

• Nucleotide