Chap 9.3-4- Human Geo

Agricultural Regions in Developing Countries

• Intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant

• Intensive subsistence, wet rice not dominant

• Pastoral nomadism

• Shifting cultivation

• Plantation

Agricultural Regions Developed Countries

• Mixed crop and livestock

• Dairy

• Grain

• Livestock Ranching

• Mediterranean

• Commercial gardening

Cash crops in Northern India and China

Wheat then barley, cotton, flaw, hemp, and tobacco

Where is wet rice farming dominant?

Southeast China, East India, and much of Southeast Asia

4 principal steps for growing rice

1. Field is prepared with animal power on flat lands or terraces

2. Field is flooded

3. Rice seedlings grown for the 1st month in a nursury are transported to flooded field

4. The Chaff(husks) are separated from the from the seeds by trashing the husks on the ground. The rice is then placed in a tray for winnowing in which the lighter chaff is allowed to be blown away by the wind

Features of Shifting Cultivation

• Slash and Burn

• Frequent relocation

Shifting cultivation crops

upland rice, maize, and manoic

Regions with shifting cultivation

Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia

Future for shifting cultivation

Declining

Shifting cultivation is in what climate?

Tropical forests

Features of Pastoral Nomadism

Pastoral nomads grains, use animals for milk and animal skin for tents

What is commonly grown on a plantation

cotton, coffee, rubber, tobacco, sugarcan, coccoa, etc

Regions with pastoral nomadism

Saudi Arabia, North Africa, and East Asia

Regions with plantations

Latin America, North Africa, And Southeast Asia

Future of pastoral nomadism

declining because of modern tech

Fishing Features

Fish consumption has increased more rapidly than population growth

Jobs part of Agribusiness

Food processing, packaging, storage, distrbution, and retailing

Enterprises part of agribusiness

Tractor manufacturing,fertilizer production, and seed distribution

Where is monocropping most dominant?

North America, Brazil and Argentina

Where is horticulture most dominant?

Southern Europe, North Africa, Western Africa, and the lands the border the Medditeranean

Where is commercial gardening most dominant?

Southeastern U.S.

Where is Truck Farming most dominant?

Northeast U.S.

Where is ranching most dominant?

U.S., Australia, China, Brazil, Uruguay, etc

Where is dairy farming most dominant?

South Asia and the U.S.

Economic difficulties that dairy farmers face

Dairy farms need constant attention through the year and farmers need to get feed for their cows during winter when there is no grass

Where does livestock farming dominate?

France to Russia and the U.S. west of the Appalations and east of 98 degrees west longitude

Who was von Thunen?

An estate owner in northern Germany who created the von Thunen model

Things von Thunen did not consider in his model?

• topography

• Mountains, rivers, etc

• social customs

• government polices

How much did agriculture exports increase from 200 to 2016?

$448 million to $769 million

What do exporting countries benefit from?

The reveuns

What do importing countries benefit from?

Meeting food needs of their people

4 leading importers of food:

Japan, UK, China, and Russia

What is the U.S. lead with exports?

10%

Who subsistence farmers need to expand production?

Higher yield seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, and machinery

Because developing countries lack the money to buy agriculture equipment they need to do what to change this?

Produce something they can sell in developed countries

Main production of cocaine?

North America, Mexico, Western South America, and Eastern Europe

Consumers of cocanie

U.S., Mexico, and Europe

Consumers of Heroin

Mediterenean area, Western Australia, Northeast U.S., and Africa

How GIS is used to help farms with:

How the soil quantity is, enviornmental and economic maps that then combines them into one

Where has desertification happened?

The Satel region in Northern Africa, forcing people to move

How does excessive water threaten agricultural areas?

Plants can become water logged and die. This has happened in Asia, South America, and maybe Mesopatamia.

Advancements of the 2nd agricultural revolution

Improvements of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in the UK

Examples of 2nd agricultural revolution

Speed drill and iron plow

What did population growth do to subsistence farming?

It compels subsistence farmers to consider new farming approaches that produce enough food to take care of the additional people.

Two ways of intensification of production

New farming methods adopted, like plows, and land is left fallow for shorter periods of time with expands the amount of land devoted to growing crops

Forest fallow

utilized for 2 years the left fallow for more then 20 years

Bush fallow

utilized for 8 years and left fallow for 10 years

short fallow

utilized for 2 years and left fallow for 2 years so wild grasses grow back

Areas affected by fallow farmland:

sub Saharan Africa and East Asia

Dr. Norman Borlaug

program director of the miracle wheat seed

Cons of Green Revolution

Fertilizers can be expensive when fossil fuel prices go up, loss of water, developing countries can’t afford new tech, so they must allocate scare funds

Reasons for opposing GMO’s in Afica

• Health problems-may reduce effectiveness of antibiotics

• Export problems

• Increased dependence on the US

Cali farmers produce_____ of US vegetables and _____ of fruits and nuts

1/3 and 2/3

2 main California water supplies:

Surface water and ground water

An agriculture subsidy:

Monetary payments and other support systems to farmers to stabilize income

How much does the US federal government subsidies go to farmers each year?

$20 billion