Lesson 6B: Additional Organelles and Structures

Terms from powerpoint

Mitochondria

Breaks down nutrients to produce ATP

Cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

converts solar energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis

How many membranes does a mitochondria have?

2

How many membranes does a chloroplast have?

3

Semiautonomous

DNA, mRNA, TRNA, ribosomes grow and reproduce within the cell

ex: mitochondria and chloroplast

Chloroplasts

sit of photosynthesis

Where is chloroplast found

plants and algae

What does chlorophyll do

a green pigment that is necessary for capturing light

Peroxisomes

contain enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ), which is toxic to cells/biomolecules and can also break it down into water and oxygen.

Cytoskeleton

network of protein fibers that extend throughout the cytoplasm

What are the 3 types of fibers

• microtubules

• intermediate filaments

• microfilament

Microtubules

Large, tube-like structures in the cytoskeleton that facilitate cell shape, transport, and division

Centrioles

made of microtubules and used cell division, plays a crucial role in the formation of spindle fibers

True or False: centrioles are found in both animal and plant cells

True or False: Centrioles are made of microtubules

Cilia

Hair-like structures that extend from the surface of some cells and enable movement or sensory functions

Flagella

microtubule extensions that project from some cells that are used to propel through water

What is the monomer of Microfilament

actin

Microfilament

Linear chain of actin subunits that form the cytoskeleton = to bear tension

Myosin

motor protein that binds to actin

What does Myosin use to walk along an actin filament

ATP

Intermediate filaments

structural role in cytoskeleton to bear tension

• does not grow or shrink

Nuclear Lamina

lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain shape

What are 3 different proteins

• Keratin

• Lamins

• Neurofilaments

Cell wall

protective layer external to the plasma membrane of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists

What is the Cell Wall made of

polysaccharides

Where is Cellulose found

plants and some protists

Where is Chitin found

fungi

Where is Peptidoglycan found

bacteria

Extracellular matrix

acts like a glue or scaffold, helping the cells stick to each other and stay in place

Plasmodesmata (plants)

membrane-lined channels filled with cytoplasm that connect adjacent plant cells

Tight Junctions (animal)

bind the adjacent cells together through the interaction of trans-membrane proteins

• prevent fluid from moving between cells

Desmosomes (animal)

Anchor cells together

Gap junctions (animal)

channels between adjacent cells

• allow water, ions, and small molecules to move between cells