UCLA Hist-113B History of Ancient Greece: Classical Period Final Exam Study Guide

Mantinea

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) City in the Arcadia (central Peloponnese)

(b) Battle of Mantinea, 362

Thebes & Megalopolis, led by Epaminondas

- 33,000 men

Sparta, Athens, & Mantinea, led by Spartan King Agesilaus II

- 22,000 men

Epaminondas successfully used same strategy as at Leuctra

Thebans win the battle, but Epaminondas dies from wounds

- Not worth it, begins the collapse of Theban hegemony

- Thebans immediately after summoned a peace conference

Ends Xenophon's Hellenica, threw Greeks into confusion

Ultimately paved the path for Macedonian Hegemony

Lysias

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) A speech writer, one of the Ten Attic Orators

(b)

Wrote 'Against Eratosthenes' in 403 BC which narrates the rule of the Thirty Tyrants and accuses Eratosthenes, one of the Thirty Tyrants, of murdering Lysias's brother, Polemarchus. Provides insight into their tyrannical rule.

Wrote 'Against Agoratus' which accuses Agoratus of betraying the Athenian Democrats to the Thirty Tyrants leading to their execution. Accuses him of suppressing democracy and causing the death of citizens.

Theramenes

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Athenian aristocrat; moderate oligarch & member of the Thirty Tyrants

(b)

- Leader in installing the Athenian Council of 400 in 411 BC

- Deposed the Council of 400 and installed the oligarchy of the 5,000 in 411 BC

- Captained a ship in the Athenian victory at Battle of Arginusae in 406 BC. Condemned generals who failed to rescue survivors of sunken ships, leading to their execution.

- In 405/4 negotiated with Lysander and later negotiated the terms of surrender to Sparta.

- A member of the Thirty Tyrants, Theramenes was a vocal opponent of the other 29 for moral and political reasons. The other 29 had him put to death (Drank Hemlock). 404/3

Cyrus the Younger

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Persian prince, son of Darius II & brother of Artaxerxes II

(b)

- Hired 'The 10,000' (10,600 Greek Hoplites led by a Spartan) to overthrow his older brother and take the throne. 401 BC

- Died in Battle of Cunaxa 401 BC, crushed his revolt, his Greek mercenaries remained in Persia.

- The 10,000 fought their way to the Black Sea in 399, survived and made it home.

Effects

- Immediate: Persian king lost faith in Spartan allies

- Long term: Greeks saw Persia as weak and invadable

Thrasybulus

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Athenian general and democratic leader

(b)

- In 411 Elected general of pro-democracy sailors at Samos, recalled Alcibiades.

- After being exiled by the Thirty in 404, he retired to Thebes and became leader of the exiled men and sized Fort Phyle.

- In 403 he won battle against the Thirty in Munychia, deposing the Thirty and reinstalling democracy in Athens.

- In 389 helped establish Athenian presence on the west-coast of Asia minor by:

1) Democratic revolution of Byzantium, re-instituted a 10% duty on all commerce in the Black Sea

2) Commenced reduction of the island of Lesbos

Artaxerxes II Mnemon

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) King of Persia who reigned from 405/4 - 358 BC

(b)

- After Sparta broke the Treaty of Miletus in 399, Persia dispatched Timocrates of Rhodes to Thebes, Argos, Corinth, and Athens with massive amounts of money, funding and causing the Corinthian War in 395.

- Persia fought against the Spartans in the Battle of Cnidus in 394, defeating the Spartan Navy and killing their Navarch.

- Signed treaty with Sparta with The Peace of Antalcidas in 387/6

- The King's Peace (^) renewed in 375/4 so that Artaxerxes could focus on crushing the Egyptian Revolt. Gave naval hegemony to Athens.

Peace of Antalcidas

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Peace Treaty guaranteed by Artaxerxes II that ended the Corinthian War in 387/6 BC

(b)

Terms:

- 1. All cities of Asia shall belong to Persian Empire

- 2. All other cities shall be autonomous except: Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros, which shall belong to Athens

- 3. Artaxerxes will fight anyone who doesn't agree to peace

Significance:

- Bound ALL Greeks to a common treaty

- Secured Spartan hegemony over Greece (Sparta again trades Ionian Greek autonomy for its own hegemony)

- Sparta abuses the Autonomy Clause to maintain hegemony

Epaminondas

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Theban statesman and military tactician

(b)

- Defeated the Spartans at the Battle of Leuctra in 371, 6,000 Boeotians outmaneuvered and crushed 11,000 Spartans

- Led several successful invasions of the Peloponnese

- Ended Spartan hegemony and brought Theban hegemony

- Theban hegemony collapsed after his death in 362

Artaxerxes III Ochus

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Persian King, reigned 359/8 - 338. Infamously ruthless

(b)

- Conquered Egypt in 343, brutally destroying temples, stealing sacred texts, and bbq'd the Apis Bull (their god).

- Made Athens recall their general from Asia

Hegesippus

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Athenian statesman and orator

(b)

- Ambassador sent to discuss Halonnesus with Philip II, 343

- Probably wrote On the Halonnesus, a letter to Philip rejecting Philip's amendment to Peace of Philocrates

Gordian knot

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Complex knot that tied an oxcart

(b)

Legend said that any man who could untie this knot was destined to rule all of Asia. In 333, Alexander III dramatically cut the knot with his sword.

Porus

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) An Indian king

(b)

- Unsuccessfully fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC

- Impressed by him, Alexander reinstated him as satrap and gave him dominion of more lands

Eratosthenes

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Athenian leader / tyrant

(b)

- Accused of murdering Lysias' brother, Polemarchus, in 'Against Eratosthenes' in 403 BC

Critias

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Athenian political leader / tyrant

(b)

- Leader of the Thirty Tyrants, extremist oligarchy

- His death allowed democracy to return to Athens

Syntaxis

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Voluntary contributions

(b)

Used in Second Athenian Confederacy to ensure no mandatory tribute payments.

(c)

Aristoteles Decree in February/March of 377 declared the Confederacy would be funded solely by syntaxis, voluntary contributions

Olynthus

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) City in the Chalcidice, leader of Chalcidic League

(b)

- Philip wanted to Conquer Chalcidic League, Olynthus requested aid from Athens in 349

- Prompted the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd Olynthiacs, and Athens to send thousands of troops to aid Olynthus

- Philip attacked in 349, razed Olynthus and sold its inhabitants into slavery, and seized control of the Chalcidice.

Iphicrates

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Athenian General

(b) In 390 BC

- Reformed Greek warfare by using Peltasts: light-infantry, used javelins and small shields in

- Iphicrates ambushed an entire regiment of Spartan army:

Out of 600 Spartans, 250 were killed

Leuctra

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Village in Boeotia in the territory of Thespiae

(b)

- Where the Battle of Leuctra took place in 371 BC

- 6,000 Boeotians defeated 11,000 Spartans, the Theban left steamrolled the Spartan right, killing the Spartan general, and then rolled the rest of the Spartan line

- 400 out of 700 Spartiates were killed

ENDED SPARTAN HEGEMONY

Pelopidas

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Theban statesman and general

(b)

- Fled to Athens when Sparta took control of Thebes in 382

- In 379 led fellow democrats in a revolt, killing Theban traitors and forcing the Spartan garrison to surrender

- Fought with the Sacred Band at Battle of Leuctra

- Instrumental in Theban hegemony

Chaeroneia

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) City in Boeotia

(b)

- Where Battle of Chaeroneia in August of 338 was fought

- 10,000 Athenians on the left wing, Theban Sacred Band on the right wing.

- Philip's army had better experience, tactics, and equipment

- Philip feigned retreat, Athens recklessly chased, Alexander & cavalry pushed through the hole in the Athenian line, surrounds and kills Sacred Band to the last man. Philip turns and also pushes through, destroying & routing entire army.

- Results: Impossible to resist Macedonian control, Thebes is stripped of power and occupied by foreign troops, Athens immediately surrenders.

Aeschines

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Athenian, one of the ten Attic Orators

(b)

- In 339 BC made a speech at in the Amphictyonic Council which brought about the Fourth Sacred War

Roxane

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Bactrian Princess

(b)

- Married Alexander the Great in 327 BC

- Bore Alexander a posthumous son, but the son, Alexander IV, was denied kingship and murdered in 310 BC

Siwah

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Oasis in Egypt, home of the Oracle of Zeus Ammon

(b)

- In 332 Alexander the Great visited the Oracle in Siwah,

- Priest greeted him as "ô pai Dios" (o son of Zeus) which was a traditional greeting for Pharaohs, but Alexander took it literally and claimed himself the Son of Zeus

- Supposedly confirmed Alexander as the legitimate Pharoah of Egypt

Gaugamela

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Village on the banks of the river Bumodus

(b)

- Battle of Gaugamela, 331, fought on the plains near village

- Resulted in Macedonian victory. Darius fled but was soon after murdered by Bessus. Darius's death marks the end of the Persian Empire, and complete Macedonian conquest of Persia. Most remaining satraps swore loyalty to Alexander and maintained their positions.

Alexander III's Army:

Heavy Infantry: 31,000

Light Infantry: 9,000

Cavalry: 7,000

Darius III's Army:

Cavalry: 40,000

Scythed Chariots: 200

(Numbers aren't known, but it is known Alexander was vastly outnumbered by Darius, but had superior tactics & equipment)

Battle Summary:

While Parmenion held down the left flank, Alexander lured Darius's cavalry to the extreme right flank. He used reserves to hold the right flank while he pulled back his Companion Cavalry and some phalanx units, forming a giant wedge and charging straight into the opening in the Persian center. He killed Darius's Royal Guard, and Darius and most of his army fled. Alexander did not pursue Darius but instead continued to Babylon.

Tissaphernes

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Persian commander, satrap of Lydia and Ionia

(b)

- Fought with Artaxerxes in the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC

- Asked for earth and water (demanded submission) from Ionian Greek cities

- Ionians requested aid from Sparta, and Sparta obliged

- In 399 BC Sparta sent an army to Persia, breaking the Treaty of Miletus

- (Persia would respond by instigating the Corinthian War)

Xenophon

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Greek military leader, born in Athens

(b)

- Fought with Cyrus in Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC

- In 401/0, elected as a general of the retreating 10,000 Greek mercenaries after the original 5 generals were executed by the Persians

- Fought and won in Battle of Coronea in 394 BC for the Spartans against his fellow Athenians, was exiled for this

Demosthenes

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Athenian politican and orator

(b)

- Politically opposed Eubulus, tries to remove his power

- Labels Philip Athens' #1 public enemy

- Urges Athens to send aid to Chalcidice against Philip

- Was a member of the embassy that negotiated with Philip and signed the Peace of Philocrates, 346

- Constantly accused Philip of misconduct and goaded Athens into aggression against Macedon

- Caused Athenian alliance with Thebes during the Fourth Sacred War in 339, leading to complete defeat

Olynthiacs (349 BC):

1st: Raise 1 defensive force & 1 offensive force against Philip

2nd: Told his countrymen to stop being idle

3rd: Repeal Eubulus' theoric fund to save more money

Important works/speeches:

- On the Symmories, 354 (a reform for financing the navy)

- For the Megalopolitans, 353 (aid Megalopolis from Sparta)

- On The Liberty Of The Rhodians, 351 (save Rhodes from oligarchy)

Proskynesis

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) When a man prostrates himself with his knees and hands on the ground as a form of submission to someone

(b)

- Persian royal custom, done when greeting the king

- Greek religious custom, only done before some gods

Alexander tried to implement this in his court, which outraged his Macedonian contemporaries, and began to manifest significant discontent in Alexander's court

(c)

In 327, Callisthenes refused to perform Proskynesis for Alexander. This caused him to fall from Alexander's good graces, but it was the last time Alexander asked a Greek to perform Proskynesis.

Issus

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Ancient city in present-day Turkey

(b)

Battle of Issus, 333 BC

- Darius III had tortured and executed sick and wounded Macedonian soldiers who were left at Issus.

- Alexander returned to Issus to avenge these men, and beat the Persian army in battle, causing Darius to flee.

- Darius left behind his mother, wife, and daughter, whom Alexander took with him as prisoners of war, but treated with royal respect.

- Named city Alexandria (by Issus) after his victory

“Boeotian sow”

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) "Boeotian pig"

(b)

- Other Greeks thought Thebans were stupid/barbaric

- Represents lack of respect for Theban hegemony

(c)

Poet Pindar called Corinna "Boeotian sow" as an insult

Social War

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Massive revolt of Second Athenian Confederacy allies, 357 - 355 BC

(b)

Athens was unable to oppose Macedonian expansionism due to preoccupation with the Social War

Athens loses 75 allies after the war, reducing the size of the confederacy but strengthening Athens' hegemonic position

The Social War

- War broke out when the Athens' most important allies--Chios, Rhodes, Kos, Byzantium--were put up to revolt by a Persian satrap

- Rebels won the first battle in 356, more joined their revolt

- 2nd naval battle took place in 356, rebels won this too

- Athenian General Chares was sole general after 2 losses

- Chares supported a revolting Persian satrap, causing Artaxerxes Ochus to threaten Athens if he is not recalled

Chares is recalled and Athens proposes terms for peace:

- Athens respects state's autonomy, 75 allies leave, those

remaining allow Athens to dictate policy (hegemon)

Hypereides

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Athenian speech-writer, one of ten Attic Orators

(b)

- Impeached Philocrates in 343 BC

- Supported Demosthenes in anti-Macedonian sentiments

- Significant political leader after Demosthenes' exile, 324

- Chief promoter of war against Macedon after Alexander's death in 323 BC

- His speeches led to outbreak of Lamian War (323 - 322)

Philocrates

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Athenian politician

(b)

Member of peace embassy sent to Philip II of Macedon after devastation of Olynthus in 348

Peace of Philocrates, 346

- As you possess

- Cities not in 2nd Athenian Confederacy were unprotected

- Joint venture to protect seas from piracy & safe commerce

Unpopularity of the treaty led to Philocrates being persecuted in 343 by Hyperides for corruption (bribes)

Philocrates fled into exile instead of standing trial

Cleitus the Black

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) Officer in the Macedonian Army, commander of Companion Cavalry

(b)

- Saved Alexander the Great's life at Battle of Granicus, 334

Death

- At a banquet feast in Maracanda, 328 BC

- Cleitus made fun of Alexander's medizing tendencies

- Mocked Alexander for acting like a Persian and for claiming to be the Son of Zeus rather than the Son of Philip

Alexander retrieved a pike and ran it through Cleitus's chest, killing him

- Alexander regretted this and grieved his death, not leaving his room for 3 days until forcibly removed by his friends.

Opis

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) City near the Tigris River

(b)

- Greek troops had a mutiny in 324 BC at Opis

- Alexander took an oath of unity and had a banquet feast with 9,000 respected Persian and Greek soldiers.

Granicus River

(a) Definition

(b) Significance

((c) Example)

(a) River in the Troad region of Asia Minor

(b) Battle of the Granicus in 334 BC

- First major pitched battle between Alexander and Persian empire.

- Began as a cavalry engagement, Macedonian cavalry charged in and sent Persian cavalry away

- Persians lost 1,000 men, Macedon lost 90

- Alexander almost died, but was saved by Cleitus

- Macedonians encircled the Persian infantry, leading to a complete slaughter, Alexander took 2,000 prisoners

- Defeated Persian Satraps in Asia Minor, forcing the Persians to play defense in their remaining cities, allowing Alexander to continue his campaign inland.

Essay Topic

Thirty Tyrants

In your answer, be as specific and complete as possible, and be sure to include all relevant dates

Overview

Spartan imposed oligarchy that ruled Athens for 8 months from 404 - 403 BC after the Athenian surrender in the Peloponnesian War

History

- Refusing to raze Athens, Sparta decided to install a puppet government in Athens

- 5 Ephors were sent by Lysander to Athens to oversee changes

- Dracontides wanted Athens to be controlled by 30 oligarchs and wanted to revert to "ancestral laws" (just a buzzword, all that mattered was government type)

Dracontides Decree, passed by Lysander, 404 BC

- Moderate Oligarchy

- Appointed 30 men to draft laws to return Athens to its alleged "ancestral power"

- The 30 ignored their purpose of "ancestral power" and instead just wanted to give themselves power

- Ruled Athens instead of drafting a new constitution

- In 403 BC, the 30 handpicked their own council of 500 magistrates, appointed 10 men to rule Piraeus

Rule of the 30

- Led by Critias

- Repealed the laws of Ephialtes, thereby empowering the Areopagus

- Repealed Solon's laws of 594/3, thereby constraining the power of the jury courts

- Repealed Solon's Law of Wills. They did this to reduce lawsuits under Athenian courts

- At first Athenians reacted positively to the 30, as they were cleansing Athens and going after sycophants.

- Soon the 30 started to only care about making money $$$, didn't care about politics at all

- Made up charges against rich Athenians in order to kill them and take their land

- Did this to Lysias and his brother, started doing this to regular civilians too

In their 8-month reign, the 30 killed 1,500 adult males and exiled 5,000 more

Selected 3,000 Athenians to be given full rights, such as trial and to carry a weapon.

- Disarmed most the population, which was unprecedented

One of the exiled men, Thrasybulus, returned and dethroned the 30, killing Critias, bringing democracy back.

Essay Topic

The administration and policy of the Second Athenian Confederacy

In your answer, be as specific and complete as possible, and be sure to include all relevant dates

The Second Athenian Confederacy, founded in 378/7 BC

Formation

Stage 1: Invites

Stage 2:

Athens established a congress of its new allies was to consist of representatives of every allied cities except Athens

Made it a true multilateral league:

All members were allied directly to each individual city, as opposed to each member being allied only to Athens

Stage 3:

Athenians went to lengths to reassure their allies they would not repeat imperialism

Aristoteles Decree, Feb./Mar. of 377 BC (League Charter):

1. Defensive Alliance only (Allies do not join in aggression)

2. Athens guaranteed autonomy to all members of confed.

- Member states were allowed to have any governments they wanted, no Athenian garrisons or cleruchies

3. Two political bodies to decide policy

- First body: Congress of 1 delegate from each allied state besides Athens. Delegates represent their city and get 1 vote

- Second body: Athenian congress

- Each of these bodies had veto power over the other, so Athens couldn’t do whatever (Allies could veto Athens)

4. No tribute (payments or otherwise)

- Funded by voluntary contributions (syntaxis)

- Athens had to raise property tax to this because Athens is poor

Issues

1. Lack of leadership due to organization--Decisions often ended in stalemate due to the two voting bodies

2. The only funding being voluntary contributions meant:

- It would be underfunded or it would become mandatory

3. Founded to prevent Spartan power, but Athens ultimately switched sides to prevent Theban power

After The Social War, 357 - 355, which was a revolt of members of the confederacy beginning with Chios, Rhodes, Kos, & Byzantium; Athens lost 75 allies.

- Those who remained in the 2nd Confederacy allowed Athens to dictate policy, taking a hegemonic position

Essay Topic

The rise, development, and fall of the Spartan hegemony

In your answer, be as specific and complete as possible, and be sure to include all relevant dates

Spartan Hegemony, 404 - 371 BC

Rise

Victory in the Peloponnesian war, after the battle of Aegospotami (405), Sparta becomes the hegemonic power in 404 BC

At this time, Sparta was unequipped to be Hegemon:

1. Economic Crisis

Influx of coins into Spartan economy that uses iron spits

2. Oliganthropia (fewness of persons)

Sparta had 5,000 Spartiates when the war began, and only 3,000 when the war ended

Many ^ demoted to Hypomeiones bc poor, can't be hoplite

Development

Breaks Treaty of Miletus, 399 BC

- Persia attacks the Ionian Greeks, who ask Sparta for help

- Sparta sends an army to Persia to help

Corinthian war, 395 - 386

- Thebes, Argos, Corinth, & Athens resent Spartan hegemony

- Sparta losing battles (Cnidus, 394) & Persia backs Athens

The Peace of Antalcidas, 387/6

- Spartan Navarch Antalcidas negotiated with Artaxerxes II

- Gave Ionian Greeks to Persia, autonomy clause, scrd. heg.

Use of Autonomy Clause

- Sparta uses to break Theban control of Boeotia

- To limit Argos' & Corinth's relationship (no dual citizenship)

Occupied Thebes for 3 years, 382 - 379

Battle of Naxos, 376, Athens defeats Spartan fleet

- Reestablishes Athens as the supreme naval power

The King’s Peace renewed in 375/4,

- But Sparta conceded hegemony on the seas to Athens

Fall

Athens/Sparta shared concern of rising Theban power, 371

Peace Conference of 371

- Thebes insists on swearing on behalf of all Boeotians,

- Sparta insists Boeotian cities swear individually (disbanding the Boeotian League, headed by Thebes)

Sparta says will attack Thebes if they do not free Boeotians

Battle of Leuctra, 371

- 6,000 Boeotians defeat 11,000 Spartans

- Theban-left steamrolled the Spartan-right, killing their general, then destroyed the rest of the Spartan line.

- 400 of 700 Spartiates were killed in the battle

- The end of Spartan Hegemony

Essay Topic

The rise, development, and fall of the Theban hegemony

In your answer, be as specific and complete as possible, and be sure to include all relevant dates

Theban Hegemony, 371 - 362

Battle of Lecutra, 371

- Theban forces led by Epaminondas, defeated Spartans

- Marks the beginning of Theban Hegemony

Leaders

- 2 Great leaders, Epaminondas and Pelopidas (friends)

- The Theban Sacred Band, elite corps, beat Spartans 2x

Liberation of Messenians, 369

- Epaminondas liberates Messenia, founds capital Messeni

- Sparta loses half its territory & helot population, detrimental to Spartan prestige and economy

- Sparta has a man power deficit; oliganthropia

Megalopolis, 368

- Seized 2 cities in the Northern Peloponnese

- Founds Megalopolis, capital city of Arcadia, nail in the coffin for Spartan supremacy within the Peloponnese

Orpheus, 366

- At a summit, Persian king sides with Thebes

- Athens must remove all its ships from the sea

- Sparta must recognize independence of Messenia

- Thebes resorts to force to enforce this treaty

Changes in Mechanisms of Control, 336/5

- Thebes loses some allies and has some further setbacks

Peace of 366/5

- Common peace that was initiated by Corinth

- Sparta loses power in Peloponnese. Athens signs peace 2

- Thebes is establishing supremacy on land in Peloponnese, also active in Northern Greece

- Takes Philip II of Macedon hostage

- Wins Battle of Cynoschphalae, 364, Pelopidas dies

Cuts ties with Athens, 363

Fall

Battle of Mantinea, 362

- Epaminondas marches to Mantinea and beats Sparta

- Epaminondas dies of a spear to his chest, causing the collapse of Theban Hegemony

Thebes Lacked a Principle or Sentiment to Attract Greeks

- Thebes lacked Athenian intelligence or Spartan strength, they were known for being arrogant, prideful, & stupid

- "Boeotian sow"

Other

- Lacked manpower and revenue, no significant contributions from allies

- Didn't exercise tight control on allies, like Athens/Sparta did

Essay Topic

The career of Philip II

In your answer, be as specific and complete as possible, and be sure to include all relevant dates

Securing throne

- Ascended to the throne in 359 BC

- Paid off some neighboring leaders

- Killed or exiled some of his siblings

- Made peace with Athens (assured them he did not want Amphipolis)

- Summer of 358 Philip invades Paeonia and Illyria

Policy of Aggressive Expansionism, 357

- Now that his position is secure, besieges Amphipolis

- Seized Pydna from Athens

- Took Potidea and gave it to Chalcidic League, his new ally

- Philip acquires Crenides and renames it Philippi in 356

- Crushes Thracian, Paeonian, & Illyrian coalition

- Captures Methone: last Athenian city on Macedonian coast

- Philip wins Battle of the Crocus Field, 352, crushed the Phocians; named Archon For Life of Thessalian League

- In 349 razed Olynthus and conquered Chalcidice

Fourth Sacred War (339-338)

- Command of war efforts given to Philip

- Battle of Chaeronea, 338 BC, crushed Thebes & Athens

Authors The League of Corinth, 337, & is Hegemon

- All Greeks south of Mt. Olympus, except Sparta, join

- Common peace for Greeks, alliance with Macedon

- Sole purpose of joining Philip in invading Persia as "avenge the temples that Xerxes destroyed in 480 BC"

- Philip levies an army and navy from Greek cities in 336

Invasion of Asia Minor, Spring 336

- First stage of planned large-scale invasion of Persia

- Sent advance force of 10,000 soldiers under command of Parmenion and Attalus

- Philip was to follow with more men in the Fall

Death, 336 BC

- Philip married his 7th wife, Cleopatra, in 337

- Alexander's mother, Olympias, is isolated due to this

- A different Cleopatra, full sister of Alexander, was meant to marry Alexander of Epirus, to reconcile royal family

- At this wedding reception, Philip II was stabbed to death by Pausanias, a young Macedonian. 336 BC

- May have been hired by Olympias or Alexander

Essay Topic

The conquests of Alexander the Great

In your answer, be as specific and complete as possible, and be sure to include all relevant dates

Submission of the Triballi (& Celts), 335

- Campaigned against the Triballi, beat them in battle

- Local celts heard of Alexander and offered submission

Destruction of Thebes, 335

- Stormed and captured city of Thebes in four (4) days

- Killed 6,000 Thebans and took 30,000 prisoners

Persian Campaign Pretense

- Alexander had a much weaker navy than Persia

- Alexander had much less money than Persia

- Alexander is vastly outnumbered on both land and sea

Persian Campaign

Stage 1: War Against Darius III King of Persia, 334-330

- Granicus River 334

- Issus 333

- Gaugamela 331

Stage 2: Conquest of the Inland Satrapies, 329-327

- Completed conquest of Persia

Stage 3: Attempted Campaign in India, 327-325

Stage 4: Alexander’s Return and Death, 325-323

Stage 1:

- Landed in the Western Satrapies

- Wins the Battle of Granicus River, 334, controls Asia Minor

- Abandons his navy, chooses to attack cities by land

- Takes Miletus in 334, then Halacranasus (thru dumb luck)

- Assembles his two armies in Gordium, 333

- Went to Cappadocia and then Cilicia, reduced the Satrap of Cilicia and took control, 333

Battle of Issus, 333

- Darius fled the battlefield, leading to a Macedonian victory, and taking Darius's mother, wife, & daughter prisoner

Besieged and captured Tyre, October of 333

Besieged and took Gaza, 332

Claims Egypt without a fight; then Syria, 332

- Egyptians hated Persia, welcomed Alexander freely

- Named Pharoah of Egypt, founds city of Alexandria

- Marches inland to Eastern satrapies, toward Babylon, intercepted by Persian army

Battle of Gaugamela, Oct 1, 331

- Decisive victory for Alexander despite being outnumbered

Babylon surrenders, names Alexander King of Babylon, 331

Susa surrenders to Alexander's Generals, Dec. 331

Conquest of Sagdia, 328

Conquered Bactria, 327

--Failed Conquest of India--

--Death--