Module 12 - Individual, Aging, Gender Differences in Cognition

Individual differences

variation in cognitive abilities across people

Intelligence

ability to learn, reason, and adapt

Psychometrics

measurement of intelligence using standardized tests

General intelligence (g)

overall cognitive ability across tasks

Fluid intelligence

ability to solve new problems without prior knowledge

Crystallized intelligence

knowledge gained through experience

Fluid vs crystallized intelligence

fluid decreases with age; crystallized remains stable or increases

Triarchic theory

intelligence consists of analytical, creative, and practical components

Analytical intelligence

problem solving and logical reasoning

Creative intelligence

ability to deal with novel situations

Practical intelligence

ability to solve real-world problems

Multiple intelligences

intelligence consists of distinct abilities rather than one general ability

Emotional intelligence

ability to perceive, understand, and regulate emotions

Heritability

proportion of variation in intelligence due to genetic factors

Twin studies

compare identical vs fraternal twins to estimate genetic influence

Environment

external influences on cognitive development

Nature vs nurture

interaction between genetics and environment

Cognitive styles

preferred ways of processing information

Field dependence

rely on external cues

Field independence

rely on internal cues

Expertise

high level of knowledge and skill in a domain

Deliberate practice

structured, effortful practice with feedback