APUSH Ch. 7 Terms

Republican Mother

Ideal that educated women who would raise virtuous citizens for the republic. While women couldn't participate directly in politics, they were seen as crucial for instilling republican values in their children and supporting their husbands' civic duties.

Judith Sargent Murray

Early feminist writer and advocate for women's education. Her essay "On the Equality of the Sexes" argued that women's intellectual capabilities equaled men's and that they deserved better educational opportunities.

Benjamin Rush

Physician, educator, and social reformer who promoted public education, prison reform, and the abolition of slavery. He believed education was essential for maintaining republican government and advocated for a national university.

Noah Webster

Lexicographer and educator who created the American Dictionary and spelling books that standardized American English. His "Blue-Backed Speller" helped create a distinctly American linguistic identity separate from Britain.

Washington Irving

One of America's first professional authors, known for stories like "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." He helped establish a distinctly American literary tradition and proved American writers could achieve international recognition.

Mercy Otis Warren

Early American historian and playwright who wrote a three-volume history of the American Revolution from an Anti-Federalist perspective, emphasizing the importance of virtue and warning against the concentration of power.

Deism

Belief that God created the universe, but doesn't intervene in daily affairs. Popular among educated elites like Jefferson and Franklin, it emphasized reason over revelation and influenced early American concepts of natural rights and religious liberty.

Universalism & Unitarianism

Liberal Protestant movements that rejected traditional Calvinist doctrines. Universalists believed in universal salvation, while Unitarians denied the Trinity. Both emphasized human reason and the possibility of moral improvement.

2nd Great Awakening

Religious revival movement (1790s-1840s) that emphasized personal salvation, emotional religious experience, and social reform. It democratized American religion and fueled reform movements including abolition and women's rights.

Peter Cartwright

Methodist circuit rider and evangelist who epitomized frontier religion during the Second Great Awakening. He traveled throughout the frontier preaching emotional, accessible Christianity to common people.

Can Ridge

Cherokee leader who initially supported accommodation with white Americans but later opposed removal. He was part of the "Treaty Party" that signed the controversial Treaty of New Echota in 1835.

Handsome Lake

Seneca religious leader who founded the Longhouse Religion, blending traditional Iroquois beliefs with some Christian elements. His teachings helped many Iroquois adapt to changing circumstances while maintaining cultural identity.

Gabriel Prosser

Enslaved blacksmith who planned a large-scale slave rebellion in Richmond, Virginia in 1800. The plot was discovered and Prosser was executed, leading to stricter slave codes throughout the South.

Samuel Slater

British textile worker who memorized factory designs and brought industrial textile production to America, establishing the first successful water-powered cotton mill in 1789.

Oliver Evans

Inventor and engineer who developed automated flour mills and high-pressure steam engines. His innovations advanced American manufacturing and transportation technology.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin and pioneer of interchangeable parts in manufacturing. His innovations revolutionized both Southern agriculture and Northern industry.

Cotton Gin

Whitney's 1793 invention that efficiently separated cotton fibers from seeds, making short-staple cotton profitable and dramatically expanding slavery in the Deep South.

Robert Fulton & Robert Livingstone

Fulton invented the steamboat while Livingstone provided financial backing and political connections. Their partnership launched commercial steamboat service on the Hudson River in 1807, revolutionizing transportation.

Pierre L'Enfant

French architect who designed the layout of Washington, D.C., creating a grand plan with wide avenues and public spaces that reflected the new nation's republican ideals and aspirations for grandeur.

Barbary Pirates

North African corsairs who captured American ships and enslaved crews. Jefferson's naval war against Tripoli (1801-1805) established American determination to protect its commerce abroad.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Federalist legislation that created new federal judgeships, which Adams filled with Federalist appointees (the "midnight judges") before leaving office, leading to conflict with Jefferson's administration.

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional, established in Marbury v. Madison (1803). This principle made the judiciary a co-equal branch of government.

Marbury v. Madison

Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case that established judicial review. Chief Justice Marshall ruled the Court couldn't order Madison to deliver Marbury's commission, but in doing so claimed the power to overturn laws.

James Madison

Fourth President (1809-1817), "Father of the Constitution," and Jefferson's Secretary of State. Led the nation during the War of 1812 and championed strict constitutional interpretation.

John Marshall

Federalist Chief Justice (1801-1835) who strengthened federal power and the Supreme Court through decisions like Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden.

Samuel Chase

Federalist Supreme Court Justice impeached by the House in 1804 for partisan behavior on the bench. His acquittal by the Senate established the principle that judges shouldn't be removed for political reasons.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who defeated French forces and established Haitian independence. His success inspired American slaves while terrifying Southern planters.

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson's 1803 purchase of Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the nation's size despite constitutional concerns about federal power.

Lewis & Clark

Leaders of the Corps of Discovery expedition (1804-1806) commissioned by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase and find a route to the Pacific Ocean.

Zebulon Pike

Explorer who led expeditions into the southern Louisiana Purchase (1805-1807), discovering Grand Peak (renamed to Pike's Peak) and gathering intelligence about Spanish territories.

Burr Conspiracy

Aaron Burr's alleged plot (1805-1807) to create an independent empire in the West or invade Spanish territories. He was tried for treason but acquitted.

Essex Junto

Group of extreme Federalists from Essex County, Massachusetts who opposed Jefferson's policies and considered New England secession during the War of 1812.

James Monroe

Fifth President (1817-1825) and Madison's Secretary of State during the War of 1812. Later known for the Monroe Doctrine and the "Era of Good Feelings."

Impressment

British practice of forcing American sailors into the Royal Navy, claiming they were deserters. This violation of American sovereignty was a major cause of the War of 1812.

Chesapeake-Leopard Incident

1807 attack by HMS Leopard on USS Chesapeake when the American ship refused to allow a search for deserters. Four sailors were taken, inflaming anti-British sentiment.

The Embargo

Jefferson's 1807-1809 ban on American exports designed to pressure Britain and France to respect American neutrality. It devastated the American economy while having little effect on Europe.

William Henry Harrison

Military commander who defeated Native Americans at Tippecanoe (1811) and later at the Battle of Thames (1813). He used his military reputation to win the presidency in 1840.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who attempted to create a pan-Indian confederacy to resist American expansion. He allied with the British during the War of 1812 and was killed at the Battle of Thames in 1813.

The Prophet

Tecumseh's brother (Tenskwatawa), a Shawnee religious leader who preached a return to traditional Native ways and rejection of white influence. His defeat at Tippecanoe in 1811 weakened the Indian confederacy.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Harrison's 1811 victory over Tecumseh's confederation, which weakened Native American resistance and made Harrison a national hero.

War Hawks

Young congressmen, led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, who pushed for war with Britain in 1812, citing British interference with American trade and support for Native American attacks.

Put-In-Bay

Oliver Hazard Perry's naval victory over the British fleet on Lake Erie (1813), giving Americans control of the Great Lakes and enabling Harrison's invasion of Canada.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Andrew Jackson's decisive 1814 victory over Creek Indians in Alabama, ending Creek resistance and making Jackson a national hero.

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson's overwhelming victory over British forces in January 1815, fought after the peace treaty was signed but before news reached America. It boosted American morale and Jackson's reputation.

Francis Scott Key

Lawyer who wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner" after witnessing the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in 1814, creating what would become the national anthem.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists (1814-1815) who considered secession and proposed constitutional amendments to limit federal power. The war's end and their perceived disloyalty destroyed the Federalist Party.

Treaty of Ghent

1814 peace treaty ending the War of 1812, which restored pre-war boundaries without addressing the original causes of conflict, but established American independence and respectability.

Rush Bagot Agreement

1817 treaty between the U.S. and Britain limiting naval forces on the Great Lakes, beginning the demilitarization of the U.S.