Unit 4: Motivation and Emotion ID Terms - McNeilly

Biological motives

Innate drives related to survival, such as hunger, thirst, and sex

Stimulus Motives

Needs for stimulation and information, like curiosity or exploration

Learned motives

Needs acquired through experience or culture, such as achievement or money

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Intuition

An effortless, immediate understanding without conscious reasoning

Instinct

An innate, automatic pattern of behavior in response to a specific stimulus

Fixed Action Patterns

Unlearned, stereotyped behaviors triggered by specific stimuli

Evolutionary Psychology

The study of behavior as shaped by natural selection

Natural Selection

The process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on

Drive Reduction Theory

Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce physiological tension

Need

A requirement for survival or well-being

Drive

An aroused state caused by a physiological need

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a balanced internal state

Primary Drives

Biological needs essential for survival

Secondary Drives

Learned drives not directly related to survival

Incentives

External stimuli that motivate behavior

Arousal Theory

People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance increases with arousal up to a point, then decreases

Humanism

Emphasizes free will, personal growth, and self-fulfillment

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs

Hierarchy of Needs

A pyramid of human needs from basic survival to self-fulfillment

Self Actualization

Achieving one's full potential

Transcendance

Helping others achieve self-actualization beyond oneself

Satiety

The feeling of fullness that reduces hunger

Ghrelin

A hormone that increases hunger

Orexin

A hormone that stimulates appetite and wakefulness

Lateral Hypothalamus

Brain area that stimulates eating

Anorexigenic

Substances or signals that suppress appetite

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Brain area that signals fullness

Leptin

A hormone that suppresses hunger by signaling fat storage

Peptide YY

A digestive hormone that reduces appetite

Set Point

The body's natural weight range

Basal Metabolic

The rate at which the body uses energy at rest

Sexual Motivation

Drives related to sexual arousal and behavior

Gonads

Sex glands (testes and ovaries) that produce sex hormones

Sexual Response

Pattern of physiological reactions during sexual activity

Excitement

Initial phase of sexual arousal

Plateau Stage

Heightened sexual arousal before orgasm

Orgasm Phase

Peak of sexual pleasure with rhythmic contractions

Refractory Period

Time after orgasm when another orgasm is impossible

Alfred Kinsey

Researcher who studied human sexual behavior

Social Construct

An idea shaped by cultural and social influences

Androgens

Male sex hormones

Estrogens

Female sex hormones

Premature Ejaculation

Persistent early ejaculation causing distress

Erectile Disorder

Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection

Female Orgasmic Disorder

Difficulty achieving orgasm

Paraphilias

Intense sexual interests outside typical sexual activity

Exhibitionistic

Arousal from exposing oneself

Fetishistic

Arousal from objects or specific body parts

Frotteuristic

Arousal from rubbing against others without consent

Pedophilic

Sexual interest in prepubescent children

Sexual Masochism

Arousal from receiving pain or humiliation

Sexual Sadism

Arousal from inflicting pain on others

Transvestic

Arousal from wearing clothing associated with another gender

Voyeuristic

Arousal from observing unsuspecting individuals

Sex

Biological characteristics

Gender

Socially defined roles and identities

Sexual Orientation

Pattern of romantic or sexual attraction

Transgender

Gender identity differs from sex assigned at birth

Intersex

Born with biological sex characteristics that don't fit typical definitions

Balance Theory

We prefer consistency among attitudes and relationships

Affiliation

The need to belong and form relationships

Approach-Approach Conflict

Choosing between two desirable options

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Choosing between two undesirable options

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Several options with both positive and negative aspects

Collectivistic Societies

Value group harmony and interdependence

Individualistic Societies

Value independence and personal achievement

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation from internal satisfaction

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards or punishment