Biology 2: Rest of test prep for test #4

passage of protein-free plasma through membrane of glomerular capillaries into Bowmans capsuel

filtration

transfer from tubule to peritubular capillaries

reabsorption

transfer from peritubular capillaries to tubule

secretion

What are the hormones present in the Nephron?

Antidiuretic hormone ADH or Vasopressin

Aldosterone

What does the ADH do in the Nephron?

controls the reabsorption of water

What does the Aldosterone do in the Nephron?

reabsorbs Na+ in collecting duct and causes secretion out of body of K+

What does the countercurrent multiplier system in the Nephron do?

concentrates urine out of the body and takes water back into body

In the Glomerulus capillary what happens? What doesn’t happen?

water, cells, salts, etc diffuse

Blood, cells, platelets, proteins, formed elements, etc do not diffuse

Describe the filtration process for the Nephron

blood pressure pushes water, cells, salts, etc into Bowmans capsule

Describe the reabsorption process of the Nephron

The body reabsorbs stuff it needs through the peritubular capillaries

organism that can produce it’s own organic (food) molecules form inorganic constituents

ex. plants

autotroph

organism dependant on other organisms for its organic (food) molecules

ex. animals

heterotroph

animal that eats plants

ex. cow

herbivore

animal that eats other animals

ex. lions

carnivore

animal that eats both plants and animals

ex. humans

omnivore

nutrient requirements include organic and mineral nutrients.

What are the organic nutrients? What are they used for?

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

used for energy sources and building materials

some essential amino acids must be obtained where? why?

in the diet because they cannot be maunfactured

what are the mineral nutrients?

inorganic nutrients (other than water)

what is included in the inorganic nutrients?

calcium, chlorine phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, magnesium, fluorine, iodine, iron

CCPPSSMFII

What is the symptom of Iodine deficiency?

Goiter

What is the symptom of Fluorine deficiency?

tooth decay

organic compounds that an organism cannot synthesize itself but are required in a small quantity for normal growth and metabolism

water soluble vitamins and fat soluble vitamins

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

B complexes and C

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

What results because of vitamin D deficiency?

rickets

What results from Riboflavin deficiency?

cracks in corners of the mouth

Predation consists of…

acts of capturing and ingesting other organisms for food

process of taking food into the body by the mouth

ingestion

enzyme catalyzed process by which large, usually insoluble, molecules are hydrolyzed to form small molecules of soluble substances

digestion

What speeds up the breakdown of macromolecules and H2O into food monomers?

enzymes

what monomers do carbohydrates have?

monosaccharides

What monomers do proteins have?

amino acids

What monomers do fats have?

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What monomers nucleic acids considered?

nucleotides

What is intracellular digestion?

What is an example?

food is brought into the cell and digested in vacuoles

ex. protista

What is extracellular digestion? What are the two types?

when food is brought into a cavity in the body of the animal and digested

1. animal with a digestive cavity

2. animal with a tubular gut

What are two animals that have both extracellular (with a digestive cavity) and intracellular digestion?

Cnidaria (hydra)

platyhelminthes (planaria)

What animals have extracellular digestion (tubular digestive tract)

Nematode (round worm)

Annelid (segmented worm)

Mollusc (clam, chiton, snail, octopus)

Arthropod (jointed appendages)

Vertebrate (backboned animal)

In the Annelid (segmented worm) what is one modification it has in the intestine?

a typhlosole

an extension of the intestinal wall that increases surface area

What is one modification that the Mollusc (chiton) has in its digestive tract?

Radula

toothlike structures in the mouth

In vertebrates, the small intestine releases hormones, what do those hormones stimulate?

The pancreas to release pancreatic juice

The gallbladder to release bile

The stomach to slow down digestive activity

What nervous system affects the digestive system (from the esophagus to the anus)

the autonomic n.s.

Major absorption of digested food occurs in ______

the small intestine

The small intestine has an increase absorptive surface area because of what 3 things?

folds, villi, and microvilli

What do the microvilli do?

helps absorb amino acids, sufars, fatty acids, and monoglycerides

Describe the workings of the digestive system

1. food enters mouth (lips, tongue, teeth, jaw, saliva assist in chewing)

2. food goes down pharynx

3. food goes down esophagus, here peristalsis begins

4. food enters stomach

5. food enters small intestine which releases hormones to stimulate the gall bladder and pancreas. Gall bladder produces bile, pancreas produces pancreatic juices, liver produces the bile for the gall bladder.

6. food enters the large intestine where water is reabsorbed

7. the dehydrated food then enters the anus

8. food is then released as feces

What is Peristalisis?

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the digestive system from the esophagus through the large intestine that pushes food along the tube

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

What are the two parts of the large intestine?

colon and rectum

Where is food stored after the large intestine?

anus

What does the autonomic n.s. do for the digestive system?

the contraction of smooth muscles and the secretion of juices by the glands

What does the endocrine system do for the digestive system?

causes production and secretion of the juices from the glands of the digestive tract

(ex. gallbladder and pancreas)

Concerning appetite, what regulates long and short term appetite by affecting a “hunger and satiety center” in the hypothalamus of the brain?

hormones

concerning appetite, what hormone secreted by the stomach wall, triggers hunger

“the hunger hormone”

ghrelin

concerning appetite, what is produced by adipose tissue, suppresses appetite and regulates body fat levels

“the satiety hormone”

leptin