period 3 apush part 1

the start to the revolutionary war

French colonists/Huron Indians

Fought against the English + Iroquois together. They were heavy on fur trade. A strong alliance, they lost.

English colonists/Iroquois Indians

Fought against the French + Huron Indians. Linked through the covenant chain. They won.

George Washington

Young Br. officer, sent by Gov. to defeat Fr. at Fort Duquesne.

Fort Duquesne

A fort built by the French in Ohio river valley. It was key for fur trade and military expansion for French and Br.

Edward Braddock

Br. general at Fort Duquesne, gets killed, which elevates George Washington to take more leadership.

William Pitt

Br. prime minister wo fully committed to and funded the war.

Albany Congress

Led by Ben Franklin, a meeting between 7 Br. American colonies to manage defense, trade, and Native American relations.

Albany Plan of Union

Coordinated colonial defense with taxation and militia to defend the colonies.

Seven Years War/French & Indian War

The English + Iroquois vs. French + Huron in Ohio river valley. It was over the Ohio river valley = land.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ends Fr. and Indian war, French lost all of North America mainland, Br. is now responsible for all of it. Br. passes all debt to colonies to pay for the new land.

Acadians/Cajuns

French colonists who settled in Acadia.

Pontiac’s Rebellion (year?)

In Ohio, the Ottawa tribe raids Br. settlements and kills them. The Br. gives them smallpox infested blankets to kill them back. (1765-1766)

Proclamation of 1763

Br. decides it’s too $$ to protect all of new land from native incursions. Reads: “No one will cross the Appalachian mountains and settle.” problem to colonists because they JUST fought to move west.

vice admiralty court

Separate court system just for smuggling. 1 judge, no jury, was a royal judge of Br. Defendant must prove innocence themselves, and judge gets 5% of cargo stolen.

writ of assistance

Gave royal officials the ability to search anything with no cause / reason.

Stamp Act (year?)

1765, A stamp that has to be put on all paper. It was a direct tax on colonists. Stamps were boycotted, effected lawyers and the press the most.

indirect tax/regulate commerce

Tax on merchants, not colonists. Was to rule the selling + buying of goods and services.

direct tax/raise revenue

Tax on colonists. Used to lower Br. debt from new land.

virtual representation

Parliament represents all Br. including colonists even though they cant vote for them. “Taxation without representation.”

Patrick Henry

A lawyer who was big on independence, crowned “ the voice of revolution”

Loyal Nine

A group of merchants and craftsmen who took lead in opposing the Stamp Act.

Sons of Liberty

Organized liberty protests and lead boycotts of British imports. Rallied craftsmen, laborers, and sailors. Said “Liberty, property, and no stamps.”

Stamp Act Congress

9 colonies working together to approve boycotts and protests. They were elites.

Declaratory Act (year?)

Br. authority to create taxes is complete. basically: “yes we can” from Br. to assert authority.

John Locke

He wrote “Two treaties of Government.” He was a philosopher.

Samuel Adams

Leader of sons of liberty.

Townshend Acts (year?)

1767, Lead by chancellor of the Exchequer. Taxes on tea, glass, paper. To pay crown officials in the colonies and make them independent of colonial legislature. (direct hidden as indirect)

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

By John Dickinson, argued for reconciliation with the mother country, also with colonists having the same rights as the Britains.

John Dickinson

An American lawyer and writer, wrote “Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania.”

spinning bee/club

Women getting together and making things instead of buying from Br. (protest)

Committees of Correspondence

In Boston, communicated with other colonies to inform them of issues and protest. Also to coordinate attacks against Br.

Daughters of Liberty

American women patriots who organized Br. protests against taxes, and the American cause for independence.

Intolerable Acts

Laws to push colonists from the Boston tea party. Closed Boston harbor, put Massachusetts under direct control of Br. crown, can move trials to Br. required colonists to house Br. soldiers.

1st Continental Congress (September 1774)

They ignore coercive acts, boycott all Br. goods, stop exporting to Br. writes letter to king asking to withdraw coercive acts and just chill. Technically 1st gov of USA.

Boston Massacre

Br. standing soldiers in colonies get pelted with snowballs by drunk colonists. 5 colonists were killed, and all except 1 Br. soldier is set free.

Crispus Attucks

African, the 1st person to die by Br. soldier hands.

Regulators

Wealthy residents of South Carolina who protested for western settlers representation and the lack of courts in the area. said: “We are free-men-British-subjects not born slaves.”

Lord Dunmore’s War

Conflict in VA against natives.

Liberty Affair

Br. customs took John Hancock’s ship, led to a riot with several crown officials dead.

Gaspee Affair (year?)

1772, Br. ship ran aground and got burned by an angry mob.

Green Mountain Boys

Settlers in NH clashing with people in NY over land, led to creation of Vermont.

Lexington & Concord (date?)

1st shots of the USA revolution. Apr 1775

2nd Continental Congress (May 1775)

More radical than elites, still afraid of rabble. Created the “Olive branch petition.” Created the continental army and appointed George Washington as leader.

Olive Branch Petition (year?)

Sent by the 2nd continental congress, stresses how loyal the colonies are to King, demands ceasefire in Boston and to repeal the coercive acts.

Common Sense

A pamphlet reading “The monarchy is over, dangerous to liberty, and not for America.” Most important document to push the revolution.

Thomas Paine (year?)

Wrote “Common sense” in Jan 1776. Influenced the declaration of Independence.

Declaration of Independence

The reason why we are no longer under Br. control. Written by Thomas Jefferson. Influenced by “Common sense” and “2 treaties of Government”