PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 11: Citations & RRL/s

Related Literature

This refers to the part that shows the info related to the topic that was cited from books, magazines, newspapers, and other secondary sources.

Related Studies

• This refers to the part that shows the published studies that are related to the research topic.

• It discusses the relevant research conducted on a particular topic.

• Research from theses & dissertations are usually used in this portion.

It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research.

Importance of RRL/S

Predatory Journal

Characterized by deceptive practices, such as fake peer review, misleading information about impact factors, and aggressive solicitation, to profit from authors seeking to publish for career advancement.

Academic Journal

Reputable, peer-reviewed scholarly publications, whereas predatory journals exploit authors by charging publication fees without providing legitimate editorial services like peer review, quality control, or ethical standards.

• Must be as recent as possible (5 years backward)

• Must be relevant to the study

• Must be objective & fair

• Avoid citing blogs

• Avoid using dictionaries & Wikipedia

Rules in RRL/S

Blog

A website that contains a writer’s own experiences, observations, opinions, etc., and often includes hyperlinks, videos, and images.

APA Citation Style

A style used to credit sources developed by the American Psychological Association. It is commonly used in the social sciences, including psychology, education, and nursing.

Last name & initials of the authors, ampersand for last author.
   (Year). Title of the article. Academic journal,
   Volume Number(Issue Number), Page Range. DOI/Link

Iqbal, D. S., Hamdani, D. A. R., Mazhar, D. S., Munawar, A., Tanvir, M., Dogar, S. F., & Hassan, D. A. (2024). Exploring The Role Of Parental Expectations And Pressures On Students’ Academic Performance And Mental Health. Migration Letters, 21(S9), 1232–1242. https://doi

APA Citation Format

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

It is a unique, persistent alphanumeric string that identifies a specific online digital object, like a journal article, book, or dataset. Its main purpose is to provide a permanent and stable link to that object, ensuring it can be located reliably even if its web address changes, making it an essential part of academic citations.

Hanging Indent

It is used for the reference list, where the first line of each entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented by 0.5 inches. This formatting makes it easier to distinguish between individual entries and quickly scan the list for authors.

MLA Citation Style

A style used to credit sources developed by the Modern Language Association. It is commonly used in the humanities and languages.

Chicago/Turabian Citation Style

A way of giving credit to sources using the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). It is widely used in engineering, architecture, fine arts, and interior design.

In-Text Citation

A citation found in the body of a research paper.

• E.g., (Sonar, 2025), According to Sonar (2025) …

End-Reference Citation

A citation found at the end of the paper and shows the full information of the cited study.

• E.g., Chang, S., & Zhang, Q. (2019). Effects of parental career expectations discussed on a larger scale. Medical Education, 53(8), 844–844. https://doi

Paraphrasing

Rewriting someone else’s idea in your own words while keeping the same meaning.

1. Reword

2. Rearrange

3. Remain

4. Recheck

Summarizing

Condensing the main ideas of a longer text into a much shorter version.

1. Read & comprehend the text

2. Identify main ideas & key points 

Quoting

Using the exact words from a source. Must have quotation marks.