ap bio stuff

wow ap bio stuff

What atoms are found in each type of biological molecule?

Proteins: CHONS, Carbs and lipids: CHO, Nucleic acids: CHNOP

What advantage do eukaryotes have over prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes have many membrane organelles which allows for compartmentalization of functions.

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?

Have a single circular chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cell (no nuclear membrane), has cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes

What is the function of the Golgi Complex?

Packages proteins for secretion from the cell

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

Site of aerobic cellular respiration

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Transport tunnels for proteins leaving the cell

What is the function of Lysosomes?

Contain digestive enzymes

What is the function of Vesicles?

Lipid bilayer storage or transport chamber

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Contains the DNA

What is the function of the Cytoskelton?

Gives shape to the cell, acts as tracks for movement of organelles

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

What is the advantage of compartmentalization?

It allows for increased surface area for reactions and separation of reactions in the cell

What is the relationship between surface area and volume of a cell?

The greater the surface area of the better; surface area increases more slowly than volume

What types of molecules can and can't move across a cell membrane and why?

Small, hydrophobic ones move the easiest because of the phospholipid molecules.

Large molecules need a transport protein because they're too big.

Ions or polar molecules made a transport protein because of their charge and because the non-polar regions of the phospholipid molecules are hydrophobic.

What happens to animal cells in hypotonic solutions?

They swell or can burst

What happens to animal cells in hypertonic solutions?

They shrink

What happens to animal cells in an isotonic solution?

No net change in size

What direction do particles movr in active transport?

Against the concentration gradient

Why do cells use exocytosis?

To move large particles out of the cell

How does apoptosis destroy cells?

Activates proteins that cause the cells to die

Describe what happens in a signal transduction pathway

Reception of the signal, transduction, response

Where is the receptor for a steroid hormone? \n How does it affect gene expression?

\n Inside the cytoplasm

Enter the nucleus and become transcription factors that increases gene expression

Know the energy/enzyme graph

An uncatalyzed reaction requires a higher activation energy than does a catalyzed reaction

There is no difference in free energy between catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions

What are reactants and products and the Light Reactions? Where does it occur?

Light reactions:

Reactants: water-it is split to produce H+ ions, oxygen gas and electrons

Products: oxygen, NADPH and ATP

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

What are reactants and products in the Calvin Cycle? Where does each occur?

Calvin Cycle:

Reactants: carbon dioxide

Products: PGAL or G3P

Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

Uses the energy stored in the ATP and NADPH to form the sugar

What organisms can do glycolysis?

All organisms

This is evidence of a common ancestor of all living organisms

How much ATP is made anaerobically?

2 molecules in glycolysis

How much ATP is made aerobically?

36-38 in aerobic respiration because oxygen is required for protons be pumped mitochondrial membrane

What happens in lactic acid fermentation?

Pyruvate is converted into lactate. In the process NADH is converted back to NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue. The build-up of lactic acid causes muscle soreness

What is the role of NADH AND FADH2 in the Krebs Cycle?

Taking turns and transport them to the electron transport chain. They must be re-oxidized into NAD+ and FAD+ for the Krebs Cycle to continue

What is the role of ATP synthase?

In the process of chemiosmosis, H+ ions move through the transport protein and their energy is used to phosphorylate ADP back to ATP. This enzyme is found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and the inner mitochondrial membrane

What are the results of asexual reproduction?

Offspring that is identical to the parents. They are produced from 1 parent and there is no production of fusion of gametes

What processes or events increase genetic variation?

Crossing over between nonsister chromatids

Independent Assortment of chromosomes during meiosis I

Conjugation in bacteria: when one bacteria sends some of its DNA over to another bacteria through sex pilus (grows an extension and sends DNA over to the bacteria)

What is the rate of population growth?

n^2

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

Oxygen

What is restoration ecology?

process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed

What is a mutualistic relationship?

relationship where both organisms benefit

What is commensalism? Give an example.

one species benefits and the other doesn't care; hawks and a cactus

What is parasitism?

symbiotic relationship in which one organism live on or in another organism and feeds upon it

What is the Keeling curve? What does it show?

The Keeling Curve is a graph that plots the ongoing change in concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since the 1950s.

predator-prey relationship

Interaction between two organisms of different species in which one organism, called the predator, captures and feeds on parts or all of another organism, called the prey.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

principle of allocation

the principle that if an organism allocates energy to one function, such as growth or reproduction, it reduces the amount of energy available to other functions, such as defense

In the Galapagos finches, natural selection on beak size and shape is driven by what?

rainfall

meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

Each have four phases

Meiosis 2: Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis

meiosis 2 results in 4 haploid daughter cells

Extinction

A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.

ecological disturbance

a physical or biological factor that alters the structure and species composition of the community

trophic cascade

A series of changes in the population sizes of organisms at different trophic levels in a food chain, occurring when predators at high trophic levels indirectly promote populations of organisms at low trophic levels by keeping species at intermediate trophic levels in check. Trophic cascades may become apparent when a top predator is eliminated from a system.

climate change

Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades

ecological transition

A type of succession in which a community distinctly different from the original community is established after a disturbance.

intertidal zone

the narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide

Desiccation

drying out

Predation

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

competition

A common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource; for example, food, water, light, space, mates, nesting sites. It may be intraspecific or interspecific.

primary consumers (herbivores)

heterotrophs that consume producers

secondary consumers (carnivores)

obtain their energy by eating primary consumers

tertiary consumers (carnivores)

organisms in the fourth trophic level (eg, hawks and sea otters), which obtain their energy by eating secondary consumers

semiconservative replication

Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

van der Waals forces

a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

Adhesion of water

Water sticks to any surface that is polar or has exposed nitrogens or oxygens.

cohesion of water

water molecules stick together as a result of hydrogen bonding

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

• meiosis has 2 cell divisions, mitosis only one

• meiosis results in a haploid cell, mitosis results in a diploid

• in anaphase 1 of meiosis sister chromatids are still paired, in anaphase in mitosis, sister chromatids are separated

• in meiosis homologous chromosomes pair up on cell's equator, in mitosis homologous chromosomes never pair up