Studied by 12 people
What atoms are found in each type of biological molecule?
Proteins: CHONS, Carbs and lipids: CHO, Nucleic acids: CHNOP
What advantage do eukaryotes have over prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes have many membrane organelles which allows for compartmentalization of functions.
What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?
Have a single circular chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cell (no nuclear membrane), has cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes
What is the function of the Golgi Complex?
Packages proteins for secretion from the cell
What is the function of the Mitochondria?
Site of aerobic cellular respiration
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Transport tunnels for proteins leaving the cell
What is the function of Lysosomes?
Contain digestive enzymes
What is the function of Vesicles?
Lipid bilayer storage or transport chamber
What is the function of the Nucleus?
Contains the DNA
What is the function of the Cytoskelton?
Gives shape to the cell, acts as tracks for movement of organelles
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
What is the advantage of compartmentalization?
It allows for increased surface area for reactions and separation of reactions in the cell
What is the relationship between surface area and volume of a cell?
The greater the surface area of the better; surface area increases more slowly than volume
What types of molecules can and can't move across a cell membrane and why?
Small, hydrophobic ones move the easiest because of the phospholipid molecules.
Large molecules need a transport protein because they're too big.
Ions or polar molecules made a transport protein because of their charge and because the non-polar regions of the phospholipid molecules are hydrophobic.
What happens to animal cells in hypotonic solutions?
They swell or can burst
What happens to animal cells in hypertonic solutions?
They shrink
What happens to animal cells in an isotonic solution?
No net change in size
What direction do particles movr in active transport?
Against the concentration gradient
Why do cells use exocytosis?
To move large particles out of the cell
How does apoptosis destroy cells?
Activates proteins that cause the cells to die
Describe what happens in a signal transduction pathway
Reception of the signal, transduction, response
Where is the receptor for a steroid hormone? \n How does it affect gene expression?
\n Inside the cytoplasm
Enter the nucleus and become transcription factors that increases gene expression
Know the energy/enzyme graph
An uncatalyzed reaction requires a higher activation energy than does a catalyzed reaction
There is no difference in free energy between catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions
What are reactants and products and the Light Reactions? Where does it occur?
Light reactions:
Reactants: water-it is split to produce H+ ions, oxygen gas and electrons
Products: oxygen, NADPH and ATP
Occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
What are reactants and products in the Calvin Cycle? Where does each occur?
Calvin Cycle:
Reactants: carbon dioxide
Products: PGAL or G3P
Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
Uses the energy stored in the ATP and NADPH to form the sugar
What organisms can do glycolysis?
All organisms
This is evidence of a common ancestor of all living organisms
How much ATP is made anaerobically?
2 molecules in glycolysis
How much ATP is made aerobically?
36-38 in aerobic respiration because oxygen is required for protons be pumped mitochondrial membrane
What happens in lactic acid fermentation?
Pyruvate is converted into lactate. In the process NADH is converted back to NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue. The build-up of lactic acid causes muscle soreness
What is the role of NADH AND FADH2 in the Krebs Cycle?
Taking turns and transport them to the electron transport chain. They must be re-oxidized into NAD+ and FAD+ for the Krebs Cycle to continue
What is the role of ATP synthase?
In the process of chemiosmosis, H+ ions move through the transport protein and their energy is used to phosphorylate ADP back to ATP. This enzyme is found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and the inner mitochondrial membrane
What are the results of asexual reproduction?
Offspring that is identical to the parents. They are produced from 1 parent and there is no production of fusion of gametes
What processes or events increase genetic variation?
Crossing over between nonsister chromatids
Independent Assortment of chromosomes during meiosis I
Conjugation in bacteria: when one bacteria sends some of its DNA over to another bacteria through sex pilus (grows an extension and sends DNA over to the bacteria)
What is the rate of population growth?
n^2
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
Oxygen
What is restoration ecology?
process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed
What is a mutualistic relationship?
relationship where both organisms benefit
What is commensalism? Give an example.
one species benefits and the other doesn't care; hawks and a cactus
What is parasitism?
symbiotic relationship in which one organism live on or in another organism and feeds upon it
What is the Keeling curve? What does it show?
The Keeling Curve is a graph that plots the ongoing change in concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since the 1950s.
predator-prey relationship
Interaction between two organisms of different species in which one organism, called the predator, captures and feeds on parts or all of another organism, called the prey.
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
principle of allocation
the principle that if an organism allocates energy to one function, such as growth or reproduction, it reduces the amount of energy available to other functions, such as defense
In the Galapagos finches, natural selection on beak size and shape is driven by what?
rainfall
meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
Each have four phases
Meiosis 2: Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis
meiosis 2 results in 4 haploid daughter cells
Extinction
A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.
ecological disturbance
a physical or biological factor that alters the structure and species composition of the community
trophic cascade
A series of changes in the population sizes of organisms at different trophic levels in a food chain, occurring when predators at high trophic levels indirectly promote populations of organisms at low trophic levels by keeping species at intermediate trophic levels in check. Trophic cascades may become apparent when a top predator is eliminated from a system.
climate change
Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades
ecological transition
A type of succession in which a community distinctly different from the original community is established after a disturbance.
intertidal zone
the narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide
Desiccation
drying out
Predation
An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.
competition
A common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource; for example, food, water, light, space, mates, nesting sites. It may be intraspecific or interspecific.
primary consumers (herbivores)
heterotrophs that consume producers
secondary consumers (carnivores)
obtain their energy by eating primary consumers
tertiary consumers (carnivores)
organisms in the fourth trophic level (eg, hawks and sea otters), which obtain their energy by eating secondary consumers
semiconservative replication
Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
hydrogen bond
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
van der Waals forces
a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
Adhesion of water
Water sticks to any surface that is polar or has exposed nitrogens or oxygens.
cohesion of water
water molecules stick together as a result of hydrogen bonding
Meiosis vs. Mitosis
meiosis has 2 cell divisions, mitosis only one
meiosis results in a haploid cell, mitosis results in a diploid
in anaphase 1 of meiosis sister chromatids are still paired, in anaphase in mitosis, sister chromatids are separated
in meiosis homologous chromosomes pair up on cell's equator, in mitosis homologous chromosomes never pair up
Note 
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