B3 - Infection and Response

Name all 4 pathogens.

Bacteria

Virus.

Fungi.

Protist.

What pathogen causes Salmonella

Bacteria

What pathogen causes Gonorrhea?

Bacteria

What pathogen causes Measles?

Virus.

What pathogen causes TBV?

Virus.

What pathogen causes HIV?

Virus.

What pathogen causes Rose Black Spot?

Fungi.

What pathogen causes malaria?

protists

What does TMV stand for?

tobacco mosaic virus

What does HIV stand for

human immunodeficiency virus

What is the first line of defence system?

Non specific defences.

What do non specific defences do?

Prevents pathogens entering the body

Can non specific defences distinguish between pathogens?

No

Name an example of a physical defence (non specific)

Barriers

Name an example of a biological defence (non specific)

Organisms.

Name the four non specific defence systems

Physical

Biological

Chemical

Mechanical

How is skin a non specific defence

Physical barrier to stop pathogens penetrating, sweat kills pathogens.

What are antigens?

Protein molecules on the outside of cells.

What are the types of White blood cell?

Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

How can communicable diseases be transmitted?

direct contact/water/air/vectors/unhygienic food preparation.

Why are viruses not considered living

They cannot reproduce alone/do not respire/do not excrete/do not grow

What does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

What does TMV affect in plants?

Infects chloroplasts which changes the leaf colour to yellow/white with mosaic like patterns and also inability to photosynthesise.

Are bacterias prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

prokaryotes

Do bacterias have a nucleus?

No

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

Pain while urinating/thick yellow discharge.

What are symptoms of salmonella?

Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

Antibodies and Antitoxins.

Are phagocytes specific or non specific

Non specific.

What is the first step of producing monoclonal antibodies?

Injecting mice with an antigen

What does vaccination do in the immune system

Stimulates an immune response for lymphocytes to produce antibodies.

What is the name of the tumour cell that fuses to lymphocytes to make a hybridoma cell

Myeloma cells

What cell is made when lymphocytes and myeloma fuse?

Hybridoma cell.

What happens to hybridoma cells to turn them into monoclonal antibodies?

Single hybridoma cells are cloned into identical cells that all produce the same antibody which are collected and purified

What are the two stages of drug testing

Pre-clinical and clinical.

How are new drugs produced in the pre-clinical stage

With computer models

Who are the first to be tested with drugs in the clinical stage?

Healthy human volunteers

What trial of drugs uses a placebo and for what cause?

Double blind and to avoid bias.

What are monoclonal antibodies used for

measuring hormones/pregnancy tests

cell location of specific molecules.

drug delivery safely

What organism has a protein coat?

Virus.

Are all viruses pathogens

Yes.

What organism has DNA in its nucleus

Fungus

What three things are drugs tested for

Toxicity, Efficacy and Dosage

What is the natural derivative of aspirin?

willow tree

What do antibiotics kill?

Bacteria ONLY

Do painkillers kill pathogens

no

What are the three defence systems plants have?

Physical, Chemical and Mechanical

Give an example of a physical defence response from a plant.

Cellulose cell wall,

Waxy cuticle,

Bark (dead cell barrier.)

Give an example of a chemical defence response from a plant.

Antibacterial chemicals

Poisons.

Give an example of a mechanical defence response from a plant.

Sharp thorns,

Irritable hairs

Special leaves,

White dead nettles (mimicry).

Why do plants require nitrates?

To make proteins

Which of the following is a symptom of nitrate deficiency (lack of nitrates) in a plant?

Stunted growth

What makes skin a defence?

Sebum oils trap microbes and dead layer of skin cells are difficult to penetrate

What do viruses have instead of a cell wall?

Protein capsule coat

Who discovered antibiotics?

Alexander Fleming

Which pathogen will grow faster at higher temperatures?

Bacteria

What is the natural derivative of digitalis?

Foxglove

Describe the pre-clinical testing process

Target a disease and start researching

Produce the new drug on a computer model

Test for efficacy on cells and tissues

Test for side effects on animals

Describe the uses of monoclonal antibodies

Location of specific cells, drug delivery (in cancer treatments) without damage to surrounding cells and measuring hormone levels in pregnancy tests

What are the three areas on a pregnancy test?

Reaction strip, test strip, control strip

Give one reason why viruses are not classed as cells.

Viruses do not have:

A cell membrane

cytoplasm

A nucleus

mitochondria

ribosomes

How are pathogens spread?

air, water, direct contact, undercooked meat

What does HIV do?

attacks the immune system and destroys white blood cells

What does AIDS stand for?

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

What does HIV stand for?

human immunodeficiency virus

What is an antibody?

A protein molecule that is made by the immune system to clump pathogens together

Describe how fungal infections can spread and how they enter plant leaves.

the fungus/spores spread by wind

the fungus enters leaves through the stomata

How do fungi defend themselves against microorganisms?

Antibiotic production to kill bacteria

How do plants defend themselves against microorganisms?

Waxy cuticle difficult to penetrate

Tough cell wall

Dead cells / bark fall off taking pathogens with them

Antibacterial chemicals

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from lots of clones of a single cell. What result does this have on their characteristics?

All of the antibodies are identical (and will only target one specific protein antigen).

Are viruses cells?

No they are too small

Are bacteria cells?

Yes (prokaryotes)

signs a plant is diseased

Stunted growth, abnormal growths, spots on leaves, patches of decay, discolouration

Name all four methods of aseptic technique

Sterilise surfaces and equipment using disinfectant,

Sterilise inoculating loop by passing it through a flame,

Attach petri dish lid with adhesive tape,

Place agar plate upside down in incubator

What temperature do school labs usually incubate at?

25 degrees

Are fungi unicellular, multicellular, or can they be either?

either

What part of fungi spreads and produces spores that cause disease?

Hyphaes

Are all protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic