History and Defining MedTech - PMTP1

Hippocrates (300 B.C.)

Father of Medicine; Author of Hippocratic Oath; Urine Taste Testing

Galen

Four Humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile)

Medieval Europe

Uroscopy, examination of urine, was widely practiced to diagnose

900 A.D

First book detailing characteristics of urine

11th Century

Medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examinations.

18th Century

Mechanical techniques and cadaver dissections were used.

19th Century

Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics and use of chemistry was pivotal in diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, and syphilis.

1969

80% of medical professionals were non-physicians

1895

University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was opened.

1918

John Kolmer published “The Demand for Training of Laboratory Technicians.

1920

Administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals were directed by a chief physicians and clinical laboratories consisted of 4 to 5 divisions.

1922

American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) was founded.

1950s

Medical Technologists in the US sought professional recognition through licensure exams.

16th Century

The Spanish Empire established Manila as their capital.

1565

Hospital Real in Cebu was moved to Manila to cater military patients.

1578

Franciscans built San Lazaro Hospital

1596

Hospital de San Juan de Dios was founded for poor Spaniards.

1611

Dominicans founded UST

1641

Hospital de San Jose was founded in Cavite

1871

UST established the first faculties of pharmacy and medicine.

World War II

First clinical laboratory in the Philippines was established by 6th Infantry Division of the US Army at Quiracada St. Sta. Cruz, Manila (known now as Manila Public Health Laboratory)

June 1945

US Army left and endorsed laboratory to National Department of Health and was non-operational.

October 1945

Dr. Pio de Roda with the help of Dr. Mariano Icasiano reopened the laboratory.

Dr. Pio de Roda & Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana

Conducted a training program for aspiring laboratory workers and 6 month training program was prepared.

1954

Bureau of Private Education approved a 4-year course in BSMT.

Manila Sanitarium Hospital (MSH)

Opened the first school of MT under the leadership of Mrs. Villa Hedrick.

1954

Philippine Union College (Adventist University of the Philippines) absorbed MSH’s School of MT.

Dr. Jesse Umali

First graduate of the MT program

1957

UST offered a Medical Technology course as an elective for pharmacy students.

1960

CEU offered BS Medical Technology

1961

Medical Technology was recognized as an official program in UST.

Ms. Purification Suaco (1960 - 1963)

Organized and monitored the proper implementation of the Medical Technology curriculum.

Porfirio de Guia, MD (1963 - 1969)

Credited for the steady growth in the enrollment; Responsible for hospital affiliations

Velia G. Trinidad, MD (1969 - 1984)

During her term, additional hospital affiliations for the training of the increasing number of interns were established.

Fe N. Martinez, RMT, PhD (1984 - 1989)

Review class inside CEU was established to monitor closely the students preparation for the board exam.

Priscilla A. Panlasigui, CLS, PhD (1989 - 2006)

Curriculum enrichments to meet the demand of globalization; 1993 and 2001 MT Program Accreditation

Dr. Charito M. Bermido, RMT, PhD (2006 - Present)

Level III re-accreditation in 2007; Reforms were made especially in the areas of teaching, research, curriculum and board exam review.

Rufus of Ephesus (50 A.D)

The first description of hematuria is attributed to the failure of kidneys to function properly in filtering the blood.

Galen (180 A.D)

Created a system of pathology that combined Hippocrates’ humoral theories with the Pythagorean theory; Founder of experimental physiology

Isaac Judaeus (900 A.D)

Devised guidelines for the use of urine as a diagnostic aid.

William Harvey (1578 - 1657)

Discovered the circulation of blood; Marked the beginning of a period of mechanical explanations for a variety of functions and processes.

Athanasius Kircher (1602 - 1680)

Earliest microscopist; First to use the microscope to investigate the causes of disease.

Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703)

Used the microscope to document the existence of cells and inspired the works of later histologists.

Marcello Malpighi (1628 - 1694)

Founder of Histology; Famous for his investigations on embryology and the histology and physiology of the glands and viscera.

Frederik Dekkers (1694)

Observed that urine that contained protein would form a precipitate when boiled with acetic acid.

Thomas Willis (1621 - 1675)

First to notice the characteristic sweet taste of diabetic urine, which established the principle for the differential diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

Richard Lower (1631 - 1691)

First to perform direct transfusion of blood from one animal to another.

William Hewson (1739 - 1774)

Discovered the cause of coagulation, which he called “coagulable lymph,” now known as fibrinogen.

Johannes Evangelista Purkinje (1823)

Works include descriptions of the germinal vesicle in the embryo, description and naming of protoplasm, discovery of the sudoriferous glands of the skin and their excretory ducts, and numerous descriptions of brain, nerve, and muscle cells.

Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895)

Introduced the concepts of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; Attenuated vaccines

Sir William Osler (1898)

Established ward laboratories at John Hopkins Hospital, where routine tests were carried out by attending physicians.

Robert Koch (1843 - 1910)

Discovered the anthrax bacillus, tubercle bacillus, and Vibrio cholera.

Joseph Lister (1827 - 1912)

Discovered methods of antisepsis using carbolic acid.

Sir Almroth Edward Wright

First to observe the role of calcium salts in the coagulation of blood; Devised a coagulometer to estimate coagulation time.

Paul Ehrlich (1854 - 1915)

Methods of drying and fixing blood smears using heat; Mast Cells; Classification of white blood cells into different morphological types; Methylene blue as a bacterial stain.

Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955)

Accidentally discovered penicillin.

Christian Gram (1884)

Developed the bacteriological staining method most widely used today.

R. J. Petri (1887)

Developed the plating technique using double dishes now called Petri dishes.

Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk (1895 - 1964)

Discovered the antibacterial action prontosil, a derivative of sulfonamide.

Otto Folin (1904 - 1922)

Introduced Jaffe’s alkaline picrate method for creatinine; First normal values for uric acid, NPN, and protein in blood for assessment of renal function; Folin Ciocalteu reagent.

Karl Landsteiner (1868 - 1943)

Discovered the concept of the human blood types and described the ABO blood group; Studied bleeding in newborns and contributed to the discovery of the Rh factor.

James C. Todd (1908)

Edited and published the first textbook of laboratory medicine entitled “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis.”

John Kolmer (1918)

Published “The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians,” which included a description of the first formal training course in medical technology.

G.N. Papanicolaou (1928)

First reported the ability to recognize cancer in vaginal smears, thus beginning clinical cytology.

Clinical Chemistry Technologists

Chemical and hormonal contents of body fluids

Microbiology Technologists

Examine and identify bacteria and other organisms

Blood Bank Technologist or Immunohematologists

Collect, type and prepare blood and its components for transfusion.

Immunology Technologists

Elements of the human immune system; Body’s response to foreign bodies.

Cytotechnologists

Prepare slides of body cells; Determine abnormalities and onset of cancer growth.

Molecular Biology Technologists

Protein and nucleic acid testing.

Histotechnicians

Prepare a thin section of body tissues; Tissue processing.

Phlebotomists

• Collect patient’s blood specimen through:

  • Venipuncture (Syringe/ETS)

  • Skin puncture

• Underboard medical technology graduates may apply for this post.