Organizational Behavior: Key Concepts in Job Performance, Commitment, Satisfaction, and Motivation

What is Organizational Behavior?

A field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations.

How does Human Resource Management differ from Organizational Behavior?

Human Resource Management takes theories from Organizational Behavior and applies them to the practical aspects of managing people.

What are the two main outcomes of Organizational Behavior?

Job performance and organizational commitment.

What are the main mechanisms that influence Organizational Behavior?

Job satisfaction, stress, trust, justice, ethics, learning and decision making, group mechanisms, and organizational mechanisms.

What individual characteristics affect behavior at work?

Personality and cultural values.

What is the resource-based view of organizations?

It examines what makes resources valuable and capable of long-term profit, emphasizing that valuable resources cannot be easily imitated.

What is the Rule of One-Eight?

Only 12% of organizations will actually implement the necessary changes to connect profit and management effectively.

What are the steps of the scientific method in Organizational Behavior research?

Theories, hypotheses, data, and verification.

What does a correlation of 0 indicate?

No statistical relationship between two variables.

What is job performance?

The value of the set of employee behaviors that contribute positively or negatively to organizational goals.

What are the two categories of job performance?

Task performance and counterproductive behavior.

What is task performance?

Behaviors directly involved in transforming organizational resources into goods and services.

What is routine task performance?

Responses that occur in predictable, normal routines.

What is adaptive performance?

Employee responses to unpredictable demands.

What is creative task performance?

The development of ideas or outcomes that are useful.

What is citizenship behavior?

Voluntary employee activities that may benefit the organization or the employee.

What are the two main categories of citizenship behavior?

Interpersonal citizenship behavior and organizational citizenship behavior.

What is counterproductive behavior?

Intentional employee behaviors that hinder organizational goals.

What is property deviance?

Behaviors that harm the organization's assets and possessions.

What is prosocial counterproductive behavior?

Behaviors intended to help the organization but are still counterproductive.

What is citizenship fatigue?

When coworkers feel they are putting in more effort than others.

What is the role of job analysis in performance evaluation?

It generates a list of activities involved in a job, rated by subject matter experts.

What is the significance of evidence-based management?

Findings should form the foundation for management education, relying on data and research.

What is organizational commitment?

The desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of the organization.

What are the four practices organizations use for employee evaluation?

1. Management by Objective 2. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales 3. 360-Degree Feedback 4. Forced Rankings

What does Management by Objective focus on?

Employee evaluation based on whether specific goals are achieved.

What is the purpose of 360-Degree Feedback?

To collect performance information from supervisors, peers, customers, and the employee themselves.

What is affective commitment?

The desire to remain a member of the organization for emotional reasons.

What does the erosion model suggest?

Employees with few bonds are likely to quit.

What is continuance commitment?

The desire to remain a member of the organization due to perceived costs of leaving.

What is normative commitment?

The feeling of obligation to remain with the organization because of what it has done for the employee.

What is the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect framework?

A model describing how employees respond to negative work situations through exit, voice, loyalty, or neglect.

What are 'stars' in the context of employee commitment?

Employees who have high commitment and high performance, serving as role models.

What is job satisfaction?

A pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience.

What is value percept theory?

Job satisfaction depends on whether you perceive that your job supplies the things you value.

What are the three critical psychological states that contribute to job satisfaction?

1. Meaningfulness of work 2. Responsibility for outcomes 3. Knowledge of results

What is the Job Characteristics Theory?

A theory that identifies five core job dimensions that influence job satisfaction: variety, identity, significance, autonomy, and feedback.

What is job crafting?

The process by which employees shape their jobs to better fit their skills and interests.

What is motivation in the workplace?

The set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiating work-related efforts.

What is the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance?

Job satisfaction has a moderate positive relationship with job performance.

What is the significance of perceived organizational support?

It reflects the degree to which organizations care about their employees, influencing commitment.

What are withdrawal behaviors?

Actions employees perform to avoid work situations, which can include physical and psychological withdrawal.

What is the role of diversity in organizational commitment?

Increased diversity can reduce commitment if employees feel lower on the social level.

What is the impact of downsizing on employee commitment?

Downsizing can reduce affective and normative commitment, making it harder to retain employees.

What is the 'progression model' of withdrawal?

A model suggesting that one withdrawal behavior leads to another.

What is the significance of job enrichment?

It expands duties and responsibilities to provide more variety and identity in work.

What does the term 'lone wolves' refer to?

Employees with low organizational commitment but high task performance.

What is the role of mood and emotions in the workplace?

Workplace events can generate reactions that influence mood and emotions, affecting job satisfaction.

What are 'apathetics' in the context of employee commitment?

Employees with low levels of both commitment and task performance, providing minimal effort.

What is job engagement?

High levels of intensity and persistence in work effort.

What does Expectancy Theory suggest?

Choices among different voluntary responses depend on expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Define expectancy in the context of Expectancy Theory.

The belief that exerting high levels of effort will result in successful performance.

What factors shape self-efficacy?

Past accomplishments, emotional cues, and verbal persuasion from friends or coworkers.

What is instrumentality in Expectancy Theory?

The belief that successful performance will lead to certain outcomes.

What is valence in the context of motivation?

The anticipated value of the outcome associated with performance.

What are SMART goals?

Goals that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Result-based, and Time-sensitive.

What does Equity Theory focus on?

Motivation based on the comparison of one's own outcome/input ratio to that of others.

What are the three possibilities in Equity Theory?

1. Balanced ratio of outcomes to inputs. 2. Unbalanced ratio leads to anger or envy. 3. Greater ratio leads to guilt or anxiety.

What is psychological empowerment?

Intrinsic motivation where performing work tasks serves as its own reward.

What are the four components of psychological empowerment?

Meaningfulness, Self-determination, Competence, Impact.

What is the Big Five personality model?

A model that includes Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and Extraversion.

What percentage of personality is genetic according to studies on identical twins?

35%.

What is Hofstede's taxonomy?

A framework that includes dimensions like Individualism-Collectivism, Power Distance, and Uncertainty Avoidance.

Which Big Five trait has the strongest positive relationship with job performance?

Conscientiousness.

What is the relationship between motivation and job performance?

A strong positive relationship.

What is the relationship between self-efficacy and organizational commitment?

A moderate positive relationship.

What are extrinsic and intrinsic motivations?

Extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards, while intrinsic motivation comes from internal satisfaction.

What role do compensation practices play in motivation?

Organizations use compensation practices to increase motivation.

What is the significance of self-set goals?

They are internalized goals that help individuals monitor their own task progress.

What is the impact of feedback on motivation?

Feedback provides updates on progress and influences goal commitment.