Bio 232: Exam 4

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590 Terms

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the synapse
neuron - neuron communication
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Multiple bits of information to a
single neuron
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spinal motor neuron
Soma
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Presynaptic Neuron
“sending” impulse towards synapse
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postsynaptic neuron
“receiving” impulse away from synapse
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chemical synapses:

step 1: presynaptic cell
electrical signal at axon terminal

depolarization

Open VG Na+ & Ca2+ channels
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chemical synapses:

step 2: NT released by exocytosis
synaptic vesicles fuse w/ membrane

release NT to synaptic cleft
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NT released by
exocytosis
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chemical synapses:

step 3: postsynaptic cell
NT binds to NT receptor
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chemical synapses:

step 4: NT/NT receptor channels open
conformational change - opens

ions flow changes membrane potential (graded)

excitation or inhibition
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signal size
higher frequency at the presynaptic neuron
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higher frequency at the presynaptic neuron =
more NT released
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Bigger electrical signal at
postsynaptic membrane
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chemical synapses - review

step 1
electrical signal - presynaptic

VG Na+ and Ca2+ increases in Ca2+
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chemical synapses - review

step 2
NT released by exocytosis - presynaptic

synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane
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chemical synapses - review

step 3
post synaptic cell - NT binds to NT receptor
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chemical synapses - review

step 4
post synaptic cell - receptor channel opens

changing MP of postsynaptic neuro
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gap junction =
electrical junction
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drugs (toxins) block release of
NT - presynaptic cell
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drugs block release of the
vesicle containing the NT
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example of blocking NT at neuromuscular junction
Neurons controlling muscles “motoneurons”

NT and ACh

neuron releases ACh to muscle
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termination of NT response is a __________ response
transient (temporary)
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If the process f termination was not transient
paralysis
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termination:

enzyme degrades
at synaptic cleft or postsynaptic neuron
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termination:

“reuptake”
of NT by presynaptic neuron
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Termination:

diffusion of NT
out of synaptic cleft

dilution of the NT
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Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential
depolarization
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small stimulus - EPSP
small depolarization in PSC

no AP as K+ flows out (LEAK CHANNELS) prevents excessive '“+” charge in cell
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small or below threshold
no AP
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large stimulus
EPSPs move down dendritic process/cell body to axon hillock - graded potential

generate an AP on the axon (LARGER POSITIVE CHARGE)
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at or above threshold
AP
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inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
cause hyperpolarization - reduces MP

will not cause an AP at axon

bigger depolarization needed to fire an AP
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EPSPs can
summate

add together
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Multiple excitatory presynaptic neurons induce EPSPs on
a single postsynaptic neuron
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EPSPs are more likely to reach
threshold - induce AP
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Axon hillock “integrates” all
EPSPs and IPSPs
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Axon hillock “integrates” all EPSPs and IPSPs determines
response

threshold or sub-threshold
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example of integration
graded potential
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criteria 1 for a NT
NT present presynaptic terminal and released w/stim
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criteria 2 for a NT
NT applied to postsynaptic neuron produces response (EPSP or IPSP)
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criteria 3 for a NT
natural mechanism exist to terminate response
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if all 3 are met,
substance is a NT
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new messenger

nitric oxide (NO)
diffuses across membranes
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new messengers (NTs) ________ neuron to _________ neuron
postsynaptic neuron to presynaptic neuron
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new messengers:

retrograde signal
helps us understand learning/memory in “long term potentiation”
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NO is released and goes to
PSN
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NT ACh


Causes muscles to contract



If stim, ACL will release into the synaptic cell



Transient
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glutamate
depolarization (excitatory)
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GABA
hyperpolarization (inhibitory)
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ACh
binds to 4 different Ach receptors
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ACh neuromuscular junctions
excitatory
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ACh cardiac muscle
inhibitory
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channel-linked receptors

ionotropic or metabotropic
ionotropic
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G Protein-linked NT receptors

ionotropic or metabotropic
metabotropic
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channel-linked receptors

direct or indirect
direct
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G Protein-linked NT receptors

direct or indirect
indirect
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Channel-linked receptors - direct action
open an ion channel

allows ion to cross membrane
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channel-lined receptors

rapid or slow
rapid response localized, brief
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G Protein-linked NT receptors - indirect action
via second messenger
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G Protein-linked NT receptors

rapid or slow
slow response, prolonged, complex
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facilitated zone
subthreshold stim

stim from other sources can induce AP
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discharge zone
closely lined to presynaptic input

likely to reach threshold
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circuits
pattern of connections of neuronal pools
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divergence
amplification

single sensory receptor
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divergence - single sensory receptor
up signal cord and multiple brain regions at once
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convergence - multiple presynaptic inputs
concentrated effect
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convergence increases
response
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convergence results
multiple stimuli causes same response
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Example of convergence with a new mother
loving feeling

sound, seeing, and hearing her baby
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what circuit is this

reverberating or parallel
what circuit is this

reverberating or parallel
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what circuit is this

reverberating or parallel
what circuit is this

reverberating or parallel
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serial processing
predictable all-or-none manner
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neural processing pieces
receptor

sensory neuron

CNS integration

Motor neuron

Effector (muscle)
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parallel processing
inputs into many different pathways (processed simultaneously)
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One stimulus travels through multiple pathways can provide
multiple - unique responses
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parallel processing is important in
higher mental function
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examples of parallel processing in higher mental function
problem solving or connecting parts to a whole
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function of PNS
information conveyed to and from the CNS
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PNS includes all
neuronal tissue outside the brain and spinal cord
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Everything outside of
CNS is PNS
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components of the PNS

1. sensory receptors
2. peripheral nerves (and ganglia)


1. efferent motor ending (from the CNS)
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mechanoreceptors
skin (afferent) tip of finger to CNS

mechanical pressures - nerve impulse
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thermoreceptors
temperature
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chemoreceptors
chemicals in solution
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nociceptors
pain damaging stimuli

tissues
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nerve structure is like
a fiberoptic cable
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outer coating of nerve
epineurium has blood vessels and fascicles
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outer layer of bundle/fascicle
perineurium
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each tube inside fascicle iis wrapped in
endoneurium
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after endoneurium
myelinated axon
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ganglia
neuron cell bodies and supporting cells
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Dorsal Root Ganglia
ganglia with afferent nerve fibers - outside back to CNS

touch or pain receptor
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Dorsal Root Ganglia cell bodies from
sensory neurons
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reflex arcs
reflexes occur over specific neuronal pathways
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reflex arcs steps:

step 1:
receptor
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reflex arcs steps:

step 2:
sensory neuron
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reflex arcs steps:

step 3:
CNS integration center
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reflex arcs steps:

step 4:
motor neuron
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reflex arcs steps:

step 5:
effector
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receptor
site of stimulation