Unit 2 Gradesavers

Demography

The study of population characteristics.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Arable Land

land suitable for growing crops

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit area of farmland

Social Stratification

Categorizing people based on socioeconomic factors such as wealth, income, and race.

Overpopulation

The lack of necessary resources to meet the needs of the population in an area

Carrying Capacity

The ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people

Redistricting

Adjusting boundary lines in response to population changes

Population Pyramid

Also known as age-sex composition graph; it shows the age and sex demographics of an area

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year per 1000 people in a defined area.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occuring in a year, divided by the mid-year population of that year, multiplied by 1,000

Doubling Time

Amount of time it takes for the population of a region to double

Mortality

Study of death rates/actual ability of an individual to die

Total Feritility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49) in a defined area

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of children who die before the age of 1

Life Expectancy

Average number years someone is expected to live

Emigration

Process of leaving one country to move to another

Immigration

Process of moving to a new country with the intention of staying and living there

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Categorizes countries' population growth rates and economic structures

Epidemiological Transition Model

a model developed by Abdel Omran which focuses on the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the DTM.

Pandemic

Disease that has only spread regionally

Zero Population Growth

When the birth rate equals the death and the natural increase rate approaches zero.

Neo-Malthusians

People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only affecting food production but also other resources

Malthus Critics

People who don't believe in Malthusian Theory because food production isn't limited as it can grow.

Boserup Theory

Belief that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed.

Antinatalist policy

discourages people from having children in order to lower fertility rates

Pronatalist policy

encourages people to have more children in order to increase fertility rates

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

theory highlighting the inverse relationship between the distance and volume of migration between a source and destination

Dependency Ratio

a value comparing the working to the nonworking parts of a population

Migration

permanent or temporary relocation of people from one place to another

Push Factors

something that encourages people to move away from a certain area

Pull factors

something the encourages someone to move to a certain area

Intervening Obstacle

environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

Intervening Opportunities

A feature of an area that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one

Counter Migration

each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction

Migration Transition

change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

Gravity Model

assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity.

Internal Migration

movement within the same country

Voluntary Migration

when people choose to relocate

Forced Migration

when migrations have no choice but to move (involuntary migration)

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Rural-to-urban

Movement of people from rural settlements to urban areas in search of jobs.

Refugee

People who have fled war, violence, persecution or conflict and cross an international border in order to find safety in another country.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Transnational Migration

when people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally (ex: moving from Mexico to the U.S)

Transhumance

the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

Guest Workers

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally

Guest worker policies

regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

Brain drain

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

Xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

Remittances

Money migrants send back to their family and friends in the country they left

Ethnic Enclaves

neighborhoods where people from similar cultures live together and assert cultural distinction from the dominant group