Demography
The study of population characteristics.
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Arable Land
land suitable for growing crops
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit area of arable land
Agricultural Density
The number of farmers per unit area of farmland
Social Stratification
Categorizing people based on socioeconomic factors such as wealth, income, and race.
Overpopulation
The lack of necessary resources to meet the needs of the population in an area
Carrying Capacity
The ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people
Redistricting
Adjusting boundary lines in response to population changes
Population Pyramid
Also known as age-sex composition graph; it shows the age and sex demographics of an area
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year per 1000 people in a defined area.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The total number of live births per year for each 1,000 people
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occuring in a year, divided by the mid-year population of that year, multiplied by 1,000
Doubling Time
Amount of time it takes for the population of a region to double
Mortality
Study of death rates/actual ability of an individual to die
Total Feritility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49) in a defined area
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of children who die before the age of 1
Life Expectancy
Average number years someone is expected to live
Emigration
Process of leaving one country to move to another
Immigration
Process of moving to a new country with the intention of staying and living there
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Categorizes countries' population growth rates and economic structures
Epidemiological Transition Model
a model developed by Abdel Omran which focuses on the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the DTM.
Pandemic
Disease that has only spread regionally
Zero Population Growth
When the birth rate equals the death and the natural increase rate approaches zero.
Neo-Malthusians
People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only affecting food production but also other resources
Malthus Critics
People who don't believe in Malthusian Theory because food production isn't limited as it can grow.
Boserup Theory
Belief that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed.
Antinatalist policy
discourages people from having children in order to lower fertility rates
Pronatalist policy
encourages people to have more children in order to increase fertility rates
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
theory highlighting the inverse relationship between the distance and volume of migration between a source and destination
Dependency Ratio
a value comparing the working to the nonworking parts of a population
Migration
permanent or temporary relocation of people from one place to another
Push Factors
something that encourages people to move away from a certain area
Pull factors
something the encourages someone to move to a certain area
Intervening Obstacle
environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
Intervening Opportunities
A feature of an area that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one
Counter Migration
each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction
Migration Transition
change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.
Gravity Model
assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity.
Internal Migration
movement within the same country
Voluntary Migration
when people choose to relocate
Forced Migration
when migrations have no choice but to move (involuntary migration)
Chain Migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Step Migration
Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
Rural-to-urban
Movement of people from rural settlements to urban areas in search of jobs.
Refugee
People who have fled war, violence, persecution or conflict and cross an international border in order to find safety in another country.
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border
Asylum Seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
Transnational Migration
when people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally (ex: moving from Mexico to the U.S)
Transhumance
the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons
Guest Workers
transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally
Guest worker policies
regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time
Brain drain
when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people
Xenophobia
a strong dislike of people of another culture
Remittances
Money migrants send back to their family and friends in the country they left
Ethnic Enclaves
neighborhoods where people from similar cultures live together and assert cultural distinction from the dominant group