Ch 8 & 9: cardiovascular system & blood, lymphatic, immune systems

antibody

antibody

protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance called an antigen

antigen

substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual

aden/o

gland

agglutin/o

clumping, gluing

blast/o

embryonic cell

chrom/o

color

erythr/o

red

granul/o

granule (small particle)

hem/o, hemat/o

blood

immun/o

immune, immunity, safety

leuk/o

white

lymph/o

lymph

lymphaden/o

lymph gland (node)

morph/o

form, shape, structure

myel/o

bone marrow; spinal cord

nucle/o

nucleus

phag/o

swallowing, eating

ser/o

serum

sider/o

iron

splen/o

spleen

thromb/o

blood clot

thym/o

thymus gland

auto-

same person

allo-

another person

xeno-

different (species)

-blast

embryonic cell

-emia

blood condition

-globin

protein

-lysis

breaking down, destruction

-penia

decrease, deficiency

-phil

attraction for

-phylaxis

protection

-poiesis

formation, production

-stasis

standing still

hematology

branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

hematologist

physician that specializes in hematology

allergy and immunology

branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system, including asthma and anaphylaxis, adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantations, and malignancies of the immune system

allergists and immunologists

physicians who specialize in the combined branches of allergy and immunology

anemia

a deficiency in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin within the red blood cells

erythropenia, erythrocytopenia

type of anemia in which red blood cells decrease

sideropenia

type of anemia in which hemoglobin (iron) decreases

urticaria

hives

anaphylaxis

life-threatening allergic reaction

indurated

hardened

immunotherapy

allergy injections/shots; any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body’s own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases; also called biological therapy

autoimmune disease

when the immune system fails to accurately differentiate foreign antigens from the body’s own antigens found on cells and tissues, and begins its destructive behavior to the detriment of the individual

examples of autoimmune disorders

rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus), multiple sclerosis

leukemia

oncological disorder of the blood and blood-forming organs and is characterized by an overgrowth (proliferation) of blood cells

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

infectious disease caused human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that destroys the CD4 (helper T) cells of the immune system to such an extent that the patient falls victim that do not usually affect healthy individuals

coagulation disorders

any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding

hemophilia

congenital hereditary disorder characterized by a deficiency in clotting; resulting in prolonged bleeding; also called bleeder’s disease

hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells

thrombocytopenia

abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increased destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver

infections mononucleosis

acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that primarily affects young adults and children and causes fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy of the neck and armpits; also called mono or kissing disease

lymphedema

swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels

lymphoma

any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or both) that commonly affects lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues

multiple myeloma

malignancy of the bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies, destruction of healthy bone marrow cells, and weakening of bone tissue

sepsis, bacteremia

presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or blood poisoning

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus)

widespread autoimmune disease that affects the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation; also called discoid lupus if symptoms are limited to the skin

thrombocythemia

overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelets of platelet malformations

blood culture

test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

complete blood count (CBC)

series of test that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, and differential (diff) count; also called hemogram

prothrombin time (PT)

test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders; also called pro time

hematocrit

percentage of red blood cells per volume of blood

serology

analysis of plasma contents

titer

determine immunity based on antibodies present

bone marrow aspiration

removal of bone marrow (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination using a thin aspiration needle

bone marrow transplantation (BMT)

infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both, and commonly used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers; also called stem cell transplant

lymphadenectomy

removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue, in an effort to control the spread of cancer

blood transfusion

transfusion of blood from a donor of similar type

anticoagulants

prevent blood clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors or inhibiting their synthesis; examples: heparin, warfarin (Coumadin)

antimicrobials, antibiotics

destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of the cell membrane or the reproductive cycle

antiretrovirals, antivirals

prevent the replication of viruses within host cells

immunosuppressants

decrease inflammation by suppressing the body’s natural immune response; examples: prednisone

thrombolytics

dissolve blood clots by their fibrin strands; examples: streptokinase

RBC, rbc

red blood cell

WBC, wbc

white blood cell

lumen

tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

regurgitation

backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening

viscosity

thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing

aneurysm/o

widened blood vessel (aneurysm)

patent

open (vessel)

stenosis

narrowing (vessel)

occlusion

blockage (vessel)

catheter

narrow tube

angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

arterio/o

arteriole (small artery)

atri/o

atrium

ather/o

fatty plaque

cardi/o

heart

coron/o

heart vessel

electr/o

electricity

embol/o

embolus (plug); moving blood clot

hemangi/o

blood vessel

my/o

muscle

phleb/o, ven/o

vein

scler/o

hardening

sept/o

septum