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Insurance Program
A self-financing government program based on contributions that provide benefits to unemployed or retired persons.
Log Rolling
Mutual aid among politicians, whereby one legislator supports another's pet project in return for the latter's support
Interest-Group Politics
Political activity in which benefits are conferred on a distinct group and costs on another distinct group
The Grange
An organization of farmers especially outspoken in its criticism of large corporations
Gerald Ford
Individual who noted the government big enough to give you everything you want is also big enough to take away everything you have
Entrepreneurial Politics
Political activity in which benefits are distributed, costs are concentrated
Do Not Call Law
Example of legislation pioneered in the states and replicated by the federal government
Cost Argument
A situation in which people are more sensitive to what they might lose than to what they might gain
Cost
The perceived burden to be borne if a policy is adopted
Closed Shop
A business that will not employ non-union workers
Client Politics
Political Activity in which one group benefits at the expense of many other people
Boycott
A concerted effort to get people to stop buying from a company in order to punish and to coerce a policy change
Benefit
Any satisfaction that people believe they will derive if a policy is adopted
Agenda Setting
Deciding what belongs on a political agenda
Relative Deprivation
A sense of being worse off than one thinks one ought to be
Superfund
Intended to force industries to clean up their own toxic wastes, but a good illustration of entrepreneurial politics
Sherman Antitrust Act
A law passed in 1890 making monopolies illegal
Secondary Boycott
A boycott by workers of a company other than the one against which the strike is directed
Teddy Roosevelt
Individual who persuaded Congress to fund five full time lawyers to prosecute antitrust violations
Deregulation
The removal of regulation in buisness
Professionalization of Reform
A situation in which government bureaucracy thinks up problems for government to solve
Process Regulation
Rules regulating manufacturing or industrial processes, usually aimed at improving consumer or worker safety and reducing environmental damage
Pork-Barrel Projects
Legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in the hope of winning their votes
Political Agenda
A set of issues thought by the pubic o those in power to merit action by government
Policy Entrepreneurs
People in and out of government who find ways of creating a legislative majority on behalf of interests not well-represented in government
Majoritarian Politics
Political Activity in which both benefits and costs are widey distributed
AFDC
Aid to Families with Dependent Children. It came about because the government promised to provide aid to states and their programs aiding children who lacked a father. Abolished in 1996.
Almshouses
A house built by a charitable organization for the poor to live in
Assistance Programs
A government program financed by general income taxes that provides benefits tom poor citizens without requiring contributions form them
Charitable Choice
Name given to four federal laws passed in the late 1990s specifying the conditions under which nonprofit religious organizations could compete to administer certain social service delivery and welfare programs.
Client Politics
A policy in which one small group benefits and almost everybody pays.
Earned Income Tax Credit
a "negative income tax" that provides income to very poor individuals in lieu of charging them federal income taxes
End Poverty in Cal. Plan
Upton Sinclair's plan to end the Depression while he was running for governor of California
Food Stamps
Coupons that can purchase food, created by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
Income Strategy
A policy giving poor people money to help lift them out of poverty.
Indexing
the process of periodically adjusting social benefits or wages to account for increases in the cost of living
Majoritarian Politics
A policy in which almost everybody benefits and almost everybody pays.
Means Test
An income qualification program that determines whether one is eligible for benefits under government programs reserved for lower-income groups
Medicaid
Pays medical expenses of certain low-income persons with a means test
Medicare
Pays for part of the cost of medical care for retired or disabled people covered by Social Security. Paid for by payroll taxes and no means test.
Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act
altered both program benefits and financing, phasing in changes over a several-year period beginning in 1989
Mother's Pension
Cash payments to impoverished single mothers between 1910 and 1930
Charles Murray
claimed high welfare benefits made it more attractive for some to go on welfare than to look for a job
OASDI
Old Age, Survivor, and Disability Insurance; Social Security legislation since 1937 that provides federal benefits for certain individuals and their families, funded by the FICA tax.
Service Strategy
a policy providing poor people with education and job training to help lift them out of poverty
Share Our Wealth Plan
Huey Long's idea to help end the Depression.
Social Security Act
A big part of the new deal that created a national system of old-age pensions and imposed an income tax on workers that was deducted from their wages and paid by employers.
SSI
Supplemental Security Income; SSI provides monthly payments to people with disabilities and older adults who have little or no income or resources.
TANF
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. A block grant program that set strict federal requirements about work and limited how long families can receive federally funded benefits.
Townsend Plan
Francis Townsend; federal government pay citizens over 60 a pension of 200$ a month; might lead to more spending
UI
Unemployment insurance; federal-state program jointly financed through Federal and state employer payroll taxes
Acid Rain
The Clean Air Act of 1990 requires a reduction of 10 million tons of sulfur dioxide by 1995. The biggest sources must acquire government allowances setting emission limits.
Rain, snow, dust particles that are acidic.
Bank (or pollution allowance)
An EPA incentive that allows a company to apply credits for low-polluting emissions to future plant expansions, or to sell the credits.
Bubble Standard
The total amount of air pollution that can come from a given factory
Catalytic Converter
an exhaust emission control device which converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine
Clean Air Act of 1970
Imposed tough restrictions on the amount of pollutants that could come out of automobile tailpipes. First passed in 1970, then amended 2 more times.
Clean Air Act of 1990
A revised version of the 1970 Act that enforced tougher standards. It pushed back the deadline for compliance, reiterated the need to get rid of smog in cities with suggestions, and set a deadline in the worst area (LA) at 20 years.
Clear-Cutting
the practice of cutting down most or all of the trees in a forest or a section of forest at the same time, usually in a uniform way
Client Politics
A policy in which one small group benefits and almost everybody pays.
Command-And-Control Strategy
sets specific limits for pollution emissions and/or mandates that specific pollution-control technologies that must be used.
DDT
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring talked about the harm this common pesticide caused to wildlife
Earth Day
A largely celebrated holiday created by the emerging environmental movement. First celebrated on April 22, 1970
Entrepreneurial Politics
A policy in which almost everybody benefits and a small group pays.
Environmental Impact Statement
A report required by federal law that assesses the possible effect of a project on the environment if the project is subsidized in whole or part by federal funds.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
A bureaucratic agency created by Nixon in 1970 to set standards for environmental safety, track violations, and enforce compliance
Interest-Group Politics
A policy in which one small group benefits and another small group pays.
Kyoto Protocol
controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries
Majoritarian Politics
A policy in which almost everybody benefits and almost everybody pays.
National Environmental Policy Act
requires federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions prior to making decisions
Offset
to balance, counteract or compensate for
Scrubber
Complicated and very expensive devices that would take sulfurous fumes out of gas before it came out of a smoke stack.
Sulfur Dioxide
The Clean Air Act required a 10 million ton reduction of this, since it was mostly from electric-generating plats that burn coal.
Superfund
responsible for cleaning up some of the nation's most contaminated land and responding to environmental emergencies, oil spills and natural disasters
Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970
An oil spill drew attention to this act that dealt with oil pollution in water.
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