ENGLISH GRAMMAR Exam 2

Diction

The selection of words in terms of their meaning and their appropriateness for a special purpose.

Dentotation

The primary or dictionary definition of a word

Metadiscourse

Certain signals that communicate and clarify the writer's attitude or help the reader understand direction and purpose.

Metaphor

The nonliteral use of a word that allows the writer to attribute qualities of one thing to another for explanation or persuasion.

Personal Voice

The unique identity created through choosing words and arranging them, indicating familiarity with the topic and discourse around the topic.

Hedges

One of the signals used to express uncertainty or a qualification: may, perhaps, etc.

What are the elements of a rhetorical situation

Audience, topic/situation, genre, purpose

First Person singular subjective

I

First Person singular possessive

my, mine

First Person Singular Objective

me

First Person Plural Subjective

We

First Person Plural Possessive

our, ours

First Person Plural Objective

our, us

Second singular subjective

You

Second singular possessive

Your, Yours

Second singular objective

Your, you

Second plural subjective

You

Second plural possessive

Your, yours

Second plural objective

Your, you

Third singular subjective

he, she, it

Third singular possessive

his, hers, its

Third singular objective

him, her, it

Third plural subjective

They

Third plural possessive

their, theirs

Third plural objective

them

Stress

The study of rhythm and intonation of a language; also known as prosody

Antecedent

The noun or nominal that a pronoun refers to

Cohesion

Connections between sentences furnished by clear pronouns, conjunctive adverbs, known-new contract, and reader expectation.

Cleft-sentence

A variation using an it-clause or what-clause to shift the focus in a sentence

Foregrounding

Within a paragraph, the placement of important information in the position of prominent stress.

Expletive

A word that carries no meaning but enables the writer to shift the stress in a sentence.

Prosody

The study of rhythm and intonation of a language; determined by pitch, stress, and juncture

Semantics

The study of meaning of words and sentences

Derivational Affix

A suffix or prefix that is added to an open-class word, either to change its class or to change its meaning.

Syntax

The way in which the sentences are structured; refers to the parts of the sentence, their relationship, and expansions.

What are the four categories of open-class words?

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

What are some of the categories for closed-class words?

Prepositions, determiners, auxiliaries, conjunctions, pronouns

What are the four types of conjunctions?

Coordinating, subordinating, correlative, and conjunctive adverbs

Personal Pronoun

A pronoun referring to a specific person or thing

Reflexive Pronoun

A pronoun formed by adding -self or -selves to a form of the personal pronoun; used as an object in the sentence to refer to a previously named noun or pronoun.

Intensive Pronoun

The function of the reflexive pronoun when it emphasizes a noun or pronoun

I myself prefer chocolate. (myself)

Reciprocal Pronouns

Refers to previously named nouns. each other/ one another

Demonstrative Pronoun

Functions as nominal substitutes and determiners. this/these (near), that/those (far)

Indefinite Pronouns

Compound indefinite pronouns combine every-, some-, any-, or no- with -one, -body, or -thing

Indefinite Articles

Marks a specified countable noun

a, an

Definite Articles

Marks a specific or previously mentioned noun

the

Demonstrative pronoun

this/that, these/those

Possessive pronouns

my, your, his, her, its, our, their

Possessive noun phrases

Joe's book, our neighbor's dog

Indefinite pronouns

Every, each, any, several, many, few, all

Are numbers a determiner?

Yes