6: Conditioning and Learning

Disinhibition

________: The removal of inhibition; results in acting out that normally would be restrained.

Blooms taxonomy

________: A system for classifying knowledge and learning.

Desensitization

________: A reduction in emotional sensitivity to a stimulus.

Reinforcer

________: Any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows.

Variable ration

________ (VR) schedule: An arrangement where a reinforcer is given only when a correct response is made after a set amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response.

Emotional responses

________ can also be the product of classical conditioning, these are referred to as conditioned ________ (CERs)

final desired

Shaping: Gradually molding responses to a(n) ________ pattern.

chamber

Operant conditioning ________ (Skinner box): an apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals.

Classical conditioning

________, studied by Pavlov, is based on a naturally occurring association between an unconditioned stimulus (US) and an unconditioned reflexive response (UR) that occurs in response to that US.

ratio

Fixed ________ (FR) schedule: An arrangement where a set number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer.

Behavioral contract

________: A formal agreement stating behaviors to be changed and consequences that apply.

permanent change

Learning: Any relatively ________ in knowledge or behavior that can be attributed to experience.

negative consequences

Operant (instrumental) conditioning: Learning based on the positive or ________ of responding.

Premack principle

________: Any high- frequency response can be used to reinforce a low- frequency response.

Feedback

________: Information returned to people about their progress toward a goal.

Food aversions

________ can stem from classical conditioning, and celebrity endorsements for products are also usually based on classical conditioning.

Spontaneous recovery

________: Reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

CR

Conditioned response (________): Learned reaction elicited by pairing an originally neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.

CS

Conditioned stimulus (________): Neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a learned response.

Model

________ (in learning): A person who serves as an example in observational learning.

interval

Fixed ________ (FI) schedule: An arrangement where a reinforcer is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of tie has passed since the last reinforced response.

Direct instruction

________: A method of instruction in which information is presented by lecture or demonstration, and students often learn through rote practice.

Observational learning

________ involves three steps: paying attention to the model, remembering what the model did, and being able to reproduce (imitate) the models behavior.

Law of effect

________ (Thorndike): Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not.

Cognitive learning

________: Higher- level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation.

Extinction

________ (classical conditioning): Weakening of a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

UR

Unconditioned response (________): Response to a stimulus that requires no previous experience.

Negative reinforcement

________: Occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event.

Generalization

________ gives way to stimulus discrimination when an organism learns to respond to one stimulus, but not to similar stimuli.

Covert reinforcement

________ is a way to encourage desired responses by mental rehearsal.

Growth mindset

________: The belief that intelligence and talents can be developed through hard work and effort.

Positive

________ and negative punishment decrease the likelihood that the response will occur again.

Punisher

________: Any event that decreases the probability or frequency of responses that it follows.

Pavlovs Dogs

________: Pavlovs work started with a metronome that produced a steady beat.

Stimulus generalization

________: Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus.

Negative punishment

________ (response cost): Removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made.

Positive reinforcement

________: Occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event.

permanent change

Learning is a relatively ________ in knowledge or behavior due to experience.

Classical conditioning

________: A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli.

emotional response

Conditioned ________ (CER): A(n) ________ that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning.

Blooms taxonomy

________ is a classification system that organizes information about types of knowledge (factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive) and the cognitive processes (remembering, understanding, applying, evaluating, creating) that are involved in learning.

CR

When the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the ________ will be weakened or inhibited, and extinction will occur.

classical conditioning

Four types of learning include ________, operant (or instrumental) conditioning, observational learning, and cognitive learning.

Classical conditioning

________ and operant conditioning are two basic types of associative learning.

Learning

Any relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that can be attributed to experience

Associative learning

The formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses

Classical conditioning

A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli

Pavlovs Dogs

Pavlovs work started with a metronome that produced a steady beat

This sequence was repeated

metronome, meat powder, salvation, Eventually, as classical conditioning took place; the dogs began to salivate as soon as they heard the metronome

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Something that elicits a response without any prior experience

Unconditioned response (UR)

Response to a stimulus that requires no previous experience

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that does not evoke a response

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a learned response

Conditioned response (CR)

Learned reaction elicited by pairing an originally neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

Extinction (classical conditioning)

Weakening of a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

Spontaneous recovery

Reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

Stimulus generalization

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus

Stimulus discrimination

The learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning

Operant (instrumental) conditioning

Learning based on the positive or negative consequences of responding

Law of effect (Thorndike)

Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not

Operant conditioning chamber (Skinner box)

an apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals

Reinforcer

Any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows

Positive reinforcement

Occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event

Negative reinforcement

Occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event

Punisher

Any event that decreases the probability or frequency of responses that it follows

Positive punishment (punishment)

Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again; the process of suppressing a response

Negative punishment (response cost)

Removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made

Operant extinction

The weakening or disappearance of a nonreinforced operant response

Operant stimulus generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded reinforcement

Operant stimulus discrimination

The tendency to make an operant response when stimuli previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli associated with nonreward are present

Shaping

Gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern

Continuous reinforcement

A pattern in which a reinforcer follows every correct response

Partial reinforcement

A pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced

Partial reinforcement effect

Responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction

Schedules of reinforcement

Rules or plans for determining which responses will be reinforced

Fixed ratio (FR) schedule

An arrangement where a set number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer

Variable ration (VR) schedule

An arrangement where a reinforcer is given only when a correct response is made after a set amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response

Fixed interval (FI) schedule

An arrangement where a reinforcer is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of tie has passed since the last reinforced response

Variable interval (VI) schedule

An arrangement where a reinforcer is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response

Primary reinforcers

Nonlearned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs

Secondary reinforcer

A learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcer properties by association with a primary reinforcer

Token reinforcer

A tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips, and the like

Observational learning (modeling)

Learning achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another or noting the consequences of those actions

Model (in learning)

A person who serves as an example in observational learning

Bandura Bobo Doll Study

kids watch adult aggressively attack bobo clown doll and then put in a room with the doll and behavior was observed

Smoking or drinking 

family and friends

Disinhibition

The removal of inhibition; results in acting out that normally would be restrained

Desensitization

A reduction in emotional sensitivity to a stimulus

Cognitive learning

Higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation

School psychologists

Psychologists who work in schools and design interventions for students who are having difficulties

Educational psychologists

Psychologists who carry out research to better understand how people best learn and how teachers can improve instruction

Blooms taxonomy

A system for classifying knowledge and learning

Growth mindset

The belief that intelligence and talents can be developed through hard work and effort

Fixed mindset

The belief that intelligence and talents are inborn and cannot easily be changed

Direct instruction

A method of instruction in which information is presented by lecture or demonstration, and students often learn through rote practice

Discovery learning

Learning based on insight and understanding

Feedback

Information returned to people about their progress toward a goal

Behavioral contract

A formal agreement stating behaviors to be changed and consequences that apply

Premack principle

Any high-frequency response can be used to reinforce a low-frequency response