APUSH Period 3 Part One

Ohio River Valley

This was the land that the French owned earlier in the period and was inhabited by Indigenous groups. Britain wanted to prevent colonists from moving here. Caused French and Indian War

Battle of Fort Necessity/Jumonville Glen

This was a surprise attack led by Washington in 1754 on French forces in the Ohio River Valley. He surrendered but it helped to start the French and Indian War.

Albany Congress

1754 created by the British to forge alliances with the Iroquois Confederacy. Planned the defense of the colonies against France.

Albany Plan of Union

First attempt to unite colonies under a single representative body—>failed. Drafted by Franklin. Gave delegates the power to tax and raise militias.

Peace of Paris

Result of the French and Indian War. Spain cedes Florida to GB, France gives territory west of Mississippi River to Spain, France gives ORV to Britain.

Proclamation of 1763

After Indians resisted the British after the French and Indian War. It forbade British colonists from migrating west, making colonists mad. Issued by the King.

French and Indian War

1754-1963, was a conflict between GB and France in North America, along with Indian allies. Major victory for GB and its allies, BUT led to lots of debt and taxation.

Salutary neflect

Before the French and Indian War where American colonies developed habits of self-governance because GB was largely lenient on them. Made them mad when they started actually controlling them.

Mercantilism

The ideology meaning that the colonies were meant to serve the mother country, justifying taxes and exports. Made colonists mad.

George Grenville

Prime Minister of Britain and created a new series of policies tightening control over the colonies after the French and Indian War.

Navigation Acts

Forced colonies to trade ONLY with Britain and taxed goods through British ports.

Quartering Act

Forced colonists to house and feed British soldiers. There was a new one in 1774 to enforce the Intolerable Acts.

Sugar Act

1764 act decreased taxes on imported goods (molasses). Cracked down on colonial smuggling operations

Currency Act

1764 act required colonies to use British currency, colonial merchants suffered economic hardship.

Stamp Act

1765 act taxs on paper items (newspapers, diplomas, playing cards). First direct tax and added to economic hardship.

No taxation without representation

The saying started by the mercantalism acts that made the colonists mad because there were no colonial representatives in Parliament

Virtual representation

Grenvilles response to no taxation without representation. Said that Parliament represented interest of all British subjects no matter if in land or abroad

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Merchants, traders, and artisans that fought for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Tarring and feathering and spreading info through committees of correspondence.

House of Burgesses

Passed a series of resolutions known as the Virginia Resolves. Condemned taxation without representation.

Stamp Act Congress

27 delegates from the colonies that formally petitioned to repeal the Stamp Act. However, independence was not the aim. Stamp and Sugar Act repealed 1776.

Declaratory Act

Declared Parliament could pass any law they wanted to

Boston Massacre

1770 incident where colonists hurled rocks and snowballs at British soldiers. Shots were fired and 5 Bostonians were killed. Samuel Adams spreads news of event and Parliament repealed Townshend Acts.

Boston Tea Party

1773 event after Parliament passed a new Tea Tax. Sons of Liberty destroyed today’s equicalence of 1.5-2 million dollars of tea

Tea Tax 1773

Eliminated colonial merchants from buying/selling process+gave all authority to British East India Company

Intolerable Acts 1774

AKA Coercive Acts. Closed Boston Harbor until tea loss was repaid. Four laws passed by British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party. Led to the American Revolution.

Enlightenment Ideas

Started in Europe. Individual>collective groups. In America they boosted natural rights and the social contract.

Natural Rights

Enlightenment idea started by John Locke. Every individual had natural rights from God. If rights come from God, they don’t come from a monarch!

Social Contract

Rosseau and Locke—>Construct governments of their own to protect those rights. Government should be in the hands of the people. Enlightenment idea

Radical Whigs

A group of British political theorists. Warned against political corruption and tyranny from the power of monarchs and aristocrats.

First Continental Congress

Held in 1774 in Philadelphia as a response to the Intolerable Acts+encouraged boycotting of British goods.

Lexington and Concord

1775 battle that marked the start of the American Revolution. Massachusetts colonists defied British authority and was an American victory.

Battle of Bunker Hill

1775 battle where American patriots were defeated but proved they could hold their own against the British Army

Second Continental Congress

Created in 1775 to coordinate a united response to British aggression following battles. Olive branch versus Patrick Henry

Olive Branch Petition

Adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 and was the final attempt to avoid war with GB. The king refused to look at it and shifted to independence.

Common sense

A pamphlet by Thomas Paine that said independence was the only option. Enlightenment ideas, biblical arguments. Convinced a LOT of people.

Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson with help from John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. Effect the formal separation of colonies from British rule. 1776.

Loyalists

These were Americans who did not support the Revolution, including the elite class and the common class.

Continental Army

Formed by the Second Continental Congress to respond to aggression at Lexington and Concord. Poorly equipped and trained at first.

George Washington

He was the general of the army and delivered victory at the Battle of Trenton. He later became the first president of the United States.

France

Franklin wanted to get an alliance from this country, who would not support them because of how poorly they were doing. However, they proved themselves at the Battle of Saratoga.

Battle of Yorktown

1781 battle which was the final victory of the Revolution

Treaty of Paris 1783

Officially ended the Revolutionary War and doubled US holdings to the Mississippi River

Dunmore’s Proclamation

Issues by Virginia’s loyalist governor who said that anyone who fought for the British would earn their freedom. Possibility for freedom of blacks but made southern leaders scared of enslaved rebellions.

Republican Motherhood

Ideology by Benjamin Rush who said that women could contribute to society by educating their sons. Domestic role of women. Kept them out of political participation but expanded their access to education.

French Revolution

A European revolution built on enlightenment principles and inspired by the American Revoltuion.