Functional group tests and solubility rules

Test for alkenes (2)

1. Decolourises orange bromine water when shaken at room temp

2. Add acidified potassium manganate (VIII) that goes from purple-brown to colourless

Test for alcohol (-OH or -COOH)

Phosphorus (V) pentachloride at room temperature

Steamy white fumes that turn damp blue litmus paper red (HCl)

Test for aldehyde or ketone (C = O)

Ad 2,4-DNPH/Brady's reagent at room temperature

Yellow or orange ppt

Test for aldehyde (-CHO) (2)

1. Add Fehling's solution and warm. Changes from blue to green and a red ppt forms

2. Add Tollen's reagent. Forms a silver mirror or dark grey solid.

Test for a primary or secondary alcohol, or an aldehyde

Add acidified potassium dichromate. Changes from orange to green.

Test for a methyl ketone or ethanal

Add iodine solution (iodoform) and warm in NaOH.

Pale yellow ppt forms which has an antiseptic smell.

Test for carboxylic acid (-COOH only) (CO2 is produced)

Add sodium carbonate at room temperature.

Effervescence and CO2 is produced which when bubbled through limewater, will turn it from colourless to cloudy.

Test for carboxylic acid (-COOH only) (Ester is produced)

Add ethanol/any alcohol to form an ester. Pour it into sodium carbonate solution and warm with sulphuric acid

Fruity smell

All common sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts (e.g. their carbonates and hydroxides) are

soluble

all nitrates are

soluble

most common chlorides and sulphates are

soluble

carbonates, phosphates, and sulphides are

insoluble, except those containing alkali metals and ammonia

Test for haloalkanes

Add NaOH and warm in a water bath.

Then acidify with HNO3 followed by AgNO3

Cl - white ppt

Br - cream ppt

I - yellow ppt

Test for alcohol (-OH only)

Add ethanoic acid

then sulphuric acid and sodium carbonate (SES)

An ester is formed which has a fruity smell

silver and lead chloride are

insoluble

lead and barium sulphate are

insoluble

Still learning (12)

You've begun learning these terms. Keep up the good work!