A&P respiratory system (portage learning)

Is pulmonary fibrosis obstructive or restrictive?

Restrictive

Why is pulmonary ventilation measured?

to assess pulmonary function, to assess severity of pulmonary disease, and to monitor improvement or deterioration of a disease process

Alveolar Ventilation Rate Formula (AVR)

Tidal Volume x Ventilation Rate (BPM)

differentiate between a normal pediatric tidal volume and an adult normal tidal volume

350ml vs 500ml

Is pulmonary edema a restrictive or obstructive lung disease?

restrictive

What discerns a restrictive vs obstructive lung disease?

Restrictive: difficulty taking air in due to a reduction in lung volume. Obstructive: Difficulty exhaling due to a reduction in airflow

Is sarcoidosis restrictive or obstructive?

Restrictive

Is emphysema restrictive or obstructive?

obstructive

Is emphysema restrictive or obstructive?

obstructive

Is Asthma restrictive or obstructive?

obstructive

Is Black Lung restrictive or obstructive?

obstructive

What is the oxygen carrying capacity of a red blood cell?

Greater than one billion molecules

Describe a hemoglobin molecule

four polypeptide chains each containing an iron group called a Heme. It is the heme which binds with the oxygen molecule.

What shape is the diaphragm at rest?

Dome-shaped

How much water does the average human lose per day in a relative humidity of 50%?

350ml

Features of an effective gas exchange region

moist, thin, and large in relation to body size

Function of the Type II cell besides production of Surfactant

divide to produce type I cells if Type I cell is damaged

What direction do the cilia in the trachea and bronchi move?

upward, to carry mucus, dust, and aspirated food toward the throat

Adam’s apple

layman’s term for the thyroid cartilage

anatomical orientation of the laryngopharynx

superior and posterior to the larynx

anatomical orientation of the oropharynx

posterior to the mouth and anterior to the epiglottis

eustachian tubes

pathways between the nasopharynx and the middle ear

function of the nasal conche

increases the surface area of the nasal cavity to increase the air’s exposure to blood flow to warm the air

the state of air when it reaches the lungs

at body temperature / warm, humidified, and free of debris

Anatomy of the Respiratory Portion

Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveolar Sacs, Alveoli

Anatomy of the Filtration Portion

nostrils (hairs, cilia, mucus) and trachea and bronchi (cilia and goblet cells)

anatomy of the conduction portion

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, paired main bronchi, and bronchioles

vocalizations, smell, and the regulation of pH

other functions of the respiratory system

diseased state of the pleurae

when air or excessive fluids is found between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura (AKA the pleural space / cavity)

inhalation

the active process in respiration

exhalation

the passive process in respiration

760 mmHg

1 atm =

A Epiglottis, B Thyroid Cartilage, C Larynx, D Vocal Folds, E Cricoid Cartilage, F Trachea, G Cartilaginous rings of trachea

Label the following

A Larynx, B Cartilaginous rings of the trachea, C Bronchi, D Left Lung, E Bronchioles

Label the following

Minute Volume Formula

tidal volume (norm = 500ml) x respiratory rate

Functional Residual Capacity Formula

Residual Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

Inspiratory Capacity Formula

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume or Vital Capacity - Expiratory Reserve Volume

Total Lung Capacity Formula

Vital Capacity + Residual Volume

Vital Capacity (VC) Formula

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume

residual volume (RV)

amount of air remaining in lung that cannot be exhaled, typically about 1300ml

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation, typically around 1200ml of air

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation. This is typically around 3000ml

exhalation

the rib cage lowers and the diaphragm rises, thoracic pressure increases, and air moves out of the lungs

inhalation

the rib cage lifts superiorly and anteriorly to open and expand the lungs

ventilation

occurs when lungs move air into the respiratory tract (inhalation) and out of the respiratory tract (exhalation)

internal respiration

gas exchange between blood and tissue

external respiration

gas exchange with air in alveoli

pseudostratified

cells that appear to be in layers

cilia

hair-like projections found on the cells of the respiratory epithelium

histology

the study of cellular anatomy or a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope

concentration gradient

the direction of gas flow from higher to lower concentrations

respiratory bronchioles

the transitional zone in the respiratory system concerned with both air conduction and gas exchange

terminal bronchioles

the smallest conducting bronchioles

respiratory epithelium

lines the entire bronchial tree

bronchi

marks the transition from single conduction pathway of upper airways to the large surface area required for gas exchange

bronchioles

smaller passages within the bronchial tree

main bronchi

the primary division of the trachea into left and right parts

esophagus

tube which food and water passes down to enter stomach, lies posterior to the larynx and trachea

epiglottis

a flap of skin that moves inferiorly to cover the trachea to prevent food or liquid form entering the lungs

pneumonia

infection of the lungs

expectorated

spit up

vocal folds

Flexible bands of connective tissue that vibrate to produce sound when air is expelled past them through the glottis from the larynx

hard palate and soft palate

what separates the nasal cavities from the mouth

vestibule

the most external portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils, lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Short hairs are found here that act as a screening device

nasal cavities (or fossae)

composed of bone and cartilage, divided by septum

respiration

the exchange of gasses

pleural space / cavity

the space that is formed between the visceral and parietal pleurae

parietal pleura

membrane that covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum

visceral pleura

membrane that directly covers the lungs

pleurae

membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs

What are the three main functions of the respiratory system? (Anatomical organization)

Air conduction, air filtration, and respiration

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Do the cartilaginous rings of the trachea meet on the posterior side?

False

The larynx rises and epiglottis moves inferiorly to cover the trachea.

What important steps happen during the swallowing process to prevent aspiration?

Why does the soft palate elevate?

To prevent food or liquid from entering nasal passages.

glottis

An opening in the larynx where the vocal cords are located.

aspiration

When food or liquid enters the trachea

right lung lobes

superior, middle, inferior

Functions of pleura

Facilitate movement of lungs with body wall, enclose the lungs.

Major histology type in respiratory system?

Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

basement membrane

"Floor" of the epithelial tissue

goblet cells

Wine-glass shaped mucus producing cells

columnar cells

taller than they are wide

alveolar macrophages

Most abundant cell found within alveoli

left lung lobes

superior and inferior

Surfactant

A lipoprotein that covers the luminal surface and keeps alveoli from sticking together during exhalation

type 1 alveolar cells

Thin, simple squamous epithelium in junction with capillaries, 95% of alveolar epithelium

type 2 alveolar cells

secrete pulmonary surfactant to keep alveoli open, 5% of alveolar epithelium

negative pressure

Pressure inside this space is less than that of the atmosphere, allowing air to naturally flow into the lungs.

Is exhalation an active or passive process?

passive process

hemoglobin

Combines with oxygen entering the blood to carry the oxygen in the blood system

Diaphragm

Muscle responsible for providing movement for respiration

pulmonary alveoli

where gas exchange occurs by diffusion

bicarbonate ions

carbonic anhydrase + carbon dioxide + water, 90% of carbon dioxide is carried this way

Boyle's Law

Gas pressure is inversely proportional to volume. Smaller volume = higher pressure

Charles' Law

Volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its temperature, higher temperature = higher gas volume

Dalton's Law

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the individual pressures

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

Tidal Volume (TV)

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions, typically around 500ml