APUSH Chapter 21 - The Progressives

The Progressive Era (1890 - 1920)

16th Amendment

Authorizes a federal income tax based on graduated rates rather than a flat percentage or per person fee.

17th Amendment

Changes election of senators from state legislators to popular elections in the state.

18th Amendment

Prohibition of the sale, manufacture, transporting, and importing of alcoholic beverages.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote in federal elections.

Initiative

People create the bills and then send them to state legislation to vote on them.

Referendum

Bills proposed by the legislature but voted on by the people

Recall

An elected official is voted out by the people if they are not doing a good job.

Progressiveness

The optimistic, belief in progress, and that society was capable of improvement. However, growth and progress could not occur recklessly and direct, purposeful intervention was important.

Antimonopoly

The fear of concentrated power and the urge to limit and disperse authority and wealth.

Social Cohesion

The belief that individuals are part of a great web of social relationships and that individual welfare is based on society’s welfare.

Faith In Knowledge

Applying the principles of natural and social sciences to society. Knowledge was the most important vehicle for making society better.

Muckrakers

Journalists who directed attention to injustices.

The Social Gospel

“Redeeming the nation’s cities” by advocating for social justice (justice for society, belief in a egalitarian society, and support the poor/oppressed)

• Example: The Salvation Army

The Settlement House Movement

The belief in the influence of the environment on individual development. The poor and criminal were effected by unhealthy environment (opposite of social Darwinism)

• Example: Hull House and Jane Addams

The American Medical Association (AMA)

Set strict, new scientific standards for practicing medicine

Boston Marriages

Women living with other women in long term relationships

The “New Woman”

A woman of the turn of the 20th century often from the middle class who dressed practically, moved about freely, lived apart from her family, and supported herself.

Commission Plan (City)

The original mayor and council are replaced by an elected, non-partisan commission

City Manager Plan

Elected officials hired outside experts to take charge of the city government and hope that the city manager would remain untouched by corruption.

Initiative

People create bills. If enough people agree, you can send your bill to the state legislation (state level thing).

Referendum

Popular sovereignty. A bill is proposed by legislation but the people vote on whether they want it or not.

Recall

An elected official is voted out by the people if they are not doing a good job.

Direct Primary

An attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give it to the people

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Advocated for reforming race relations and advancing African American civil rights

Wobblies

A groups of workers who advocated for a single union for all workers and abolition of the “wage slave” system and wanted direct militant actions reform.

The Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act (Roosevelt)

Increase government’s power to oversee railroad rates

Pure Food and Drug Act (Roosevelt)

Restricted the sale of dangerous/ineffective medicines

Meat Inspection Act (Roosevelt)

Eliminated diseases transmitted through impure meat. Allowed the government to regulate meat production and investigate.

Newlands Act (Roosevelt)

Conservationist Act that provided funds for construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals

Hetch Hetchy Controversy

People wanted to use the valley as a dam to create a water reservoir but naturalists opposed

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (Taft)

Raising of protective tariffs

Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute (Taft)

Pinchot filed against Ballinger for trying to turn over land to a private syndicate for money. Taft ended up alienating the supporters of Roosevelt.

Progressive Party

Started by Roosevelt in response to Taft’s presidency. Committed to progressive causes: regulation of industry/trusts, reforming the government, compensation of injured workers, pension, and woman suffrage

“New Freedom” (Wilson)

The Progressive Program of Woodrow WIlson.

Underwood-Simmons Tariff (Wilson)

Provided cuts that introduced competition into American markets and broke the power of trusts

Federal Reserve Act (Wilson)

Reformed the American Banking system. The government creates a federal reserve for government funds. It was a way to increase the money supply of the government when needed.

Federal Trade Commission Act (Wilson)

Created a regulatory agency that would help businesses determine whether their actions would be acceptable to the government

Clayton Antitrust Act (Wilson)

Strengthen the government’s ability to break up trusts

Keating-Owen Act (Wilson)

First federal law to regulate child labor.