Lamm Final Exam Needs To Know Flashcards

Honors American History Final

Andrew Carnegie

Steel and Pittsburgh—Carnegie Steel Co.—U.S. Steel (1901, JP Morgan, $480 million)

Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin to society—The rich are rich because they’re most fit to thrive; reject government involvement

Philanthropy

Charity on a mass scale: Carnegie Melon Uni., Carnegie foundations, music halls, and libraries

-Get as rich as you can, do as much good as possible—(Gospel of Wealth, 1889)

John Rockefeller

Oil and Cleveland—1st billionaire

-Uni. of Chicago, The Rockefeller Foundations

Vertical Integration

Buy out suppliers to eliminate the middle man and maximize profits

Horizontal Integration

Buy out competition to maximize profits and control market share

Carnegie Steel

Andrew Carnegie’s Steel Co.

-Used the Bessemer process to mass-produce steel

US Steel

Used to be Carnegie Steel

-Sold to JP Morgan in 1901 for $480 million

Standard Oil

John Rockefeller’s Oil Co.

-Controlled 90% of the oil market by 1880

Sherman Antitrust Act

1887, Interstate Commerce Act; Government regulates trade

-1890, illegal to form a trust, difficult to enforce

-1911, Standard Oil broken up into 34 smaller companies by the Supreme Court

-1916, Rockefeller becomes a millionaire

Ida Tarbell

Northwestern PA, Allegheny College; father ruined by Rockefeller

-1904, history of Standard Oil—(“Hell hath no fury as a woman’s scorn”)

Union

Groups of workers who fight for better pay and conditions together

Strike

Refusal to work until demands are met

Homestead Strike

June 29, 1892—Carnegie Steel, Homestead PA

-3 detectives and 9 workers killed, (Strike ended in November, lost support)

-Frick’s wage cuts were the main cause

Pullman Strike

3,000 workers laid off, 25-50% pay cut for remaining workers

-Strike began 1894, ARU boycotts Pullman Trains—(Eugene Debs jailed, many workers blacklisted)

Collective Bargaining

1 contract for all workers—(Protect + vulnerable)

Populism

A movement to help farmers; blamed cities—(Falling prices, rising R.R. cost)

-The Grange, 1867: Power in numbers

-William Jennings Bryan; “Cross of Gold”, “Common Man”

Old Immigrants

Those who came before 1890: Protestant from Northern Europe, wealthy English speakers, lighter hair and skin, easily assimilated

New Immigrants

Those who came from 1890-1925, Catholics, Jews, and Orthodox (Southern and Eastern Europe), poor non-English speakers, darker hair and skin, harder to assimilate

Push Factors

Negatives in old country

Pull Factors

Positives in new country

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

1902 until 1943—10-year ban on immigration from China—(TCRR was anti-Chinese, economic panic 1873)

-Signed by R Chestor Arthor—(1892 Geery Act, 10 more years)

-Signed by D Benjamin Harrison

Quota Acts of 1921 and 1924

Targeted European immigration, but ended Asian

-1921: Post WWI fears and anxiety—(3% of 1910 census can enter)

-1924: 2% of 1890 census ended new immigration

Social Gospel

Blamed problems on property and urbanization

-Centered around housing, healthcare, and education—(Biblical principles, led by mostly women)

Settlement Houses

The Hull House, Chicago—(Jane Addams)

-Community centers to help Europeans and the urban poor

GDP

Gross domestic production; severely went down during the Great Depression

Ethnic Neighborhoods

(The Hill District, Harlem, Chicago)

Pittsburgh

Population increase, more workers/production, competition for jobs, more voters

Chicago

Population increase, race riots

Ellis Island

Immigration station in New York—(New Years Eve 1992)

-Physical exam, government document inspection, sponsor or $25 (~$800 today)

Angel Island

San Francisco, 1910—Harder questioning, 10% sent back

Tenements

The slums; Dirty and crammed apartment style buildings

Benevolent Societies

Groups of volunteers who helped European and Asian immigrants

Progressives

Those who supported the progressive era; the 20th-century period of change

Upton Sinclair

“The Jungle” 1906—(Missed socialist propagandas, fixated on food production)

Jacob Riis

“How The Other Half Lives” 1890—(Photos of New York tenements, many were staged)

How The Other Half Lives

Jacob Riis’s 1890 series of photos that shows the bad life inside of New York tenements (Most photos were staged)

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair’s 1906 book about socialist propaganda, but process of food production was the main takeaway

Muckrakers

Aggressive journalists who dug up dirt on society

NAACP

Established state anti-lynching laws and no sweeping civil rights laws

16th Amendment

Gave congress the power to levy and collect a Federal income tax

-Ratified 1913

17th Amendment

Changed how senators were elected

-Ratified 1913

18th Amendment

Declared the manufacturing, delivery, and sale of intoxicating liquors illegal

-Ratified 1919, repealed 1933 (Only amendment to ever be repealed)

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote

-Ratified 1920

21st Amendment

Made to repeal the 18th amendment in 1933

Federal Reserve

1913 series of banks that banks that acted as a national banking system

-3 roles: Control money supply, set baseline interest rates, and respond to inflation with a 2-3% goal

Clayton Antitrust Act

An act that complemented and strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1914

Robert LaFollete

(Former) Governor of Wisconsin—Wisconsin Idea

-Politicians vote on bills, public info; Getting money out of politics

Panic of 1893

Significant tension between the rich and poor as problems were blamed on corruption and BB power/influence

-Some began to question the merits of Capitalism, (lower/middle classes)

-Promotes Socialism/more government involvement

Jim Crow

NOT A PERSON—Character in an early 1900’s stage show, “Jump Jim Crow”

-Refers to segregation, misunderstanding; required to segregate in the South

Plessy vs. Ferguson

1892—Plessy rode and all-white train car in Louisiana—Tried to prove he cannot be guilty of a law that is unconstitutional

-Hired to prove how segregation is unconstitutional

-Ferguson: Judge that ruled Plessy guilty of breaking segregation laws

-Justice Harlem: Slave owner and defense attorney for members of the KKK)

Booker T. Washington

Born a slave in Virginia, 1856

-Pushed for gradual and moderate change—Atlanta Exposition Address, 1895

-”Cast down your buckets where you are”

-Ask white people for help, not equality—Trade and jobs before education

1901, Booker T. Washington had dinner at the White House with Teddy Roosevelt

-Autobiography, “Up From Slavery”—1901

W.E.B. DuBois

Born in 1868, a freeman to middle-class family in Massachusetts

-First black man with a PhD from Harvard

-”The Souls Of Black Folk”, 1903

1. Full and immediate equality

2. Jobs and education and political power

Critic of Woodrow Willson’s segregating of Federal government employees

-Founded the NAACP along with Ida B. Wells in 1909

Teddy Roosevelt

Painted as a war hero from his “Rough Riders” photo, later elected as president in 1904

Square Deal

Roosevelt’s domestic policy to balance the needs of everyone (Business, labor, society)

1902 Coal Strike

Teddy Roosevelt served as a mediator in the dispute union and employers

-First time the government intervened in a way to help workers, 8 years after Pullman Strike

William Howard Taft

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 25th, 1911—Fire broke out between 8th-10th floor of shirtwaist factory in New York

-Company owners acquitted of manslaughter and fined $20

-No way to escape, locked in—Many teenage girls died (146)

-Deadliest workplace accident in New York until 9/11

-Aftershock of event; task forces established, unions formed, new reforms to govern workplace safety

1912 Election

Woodrow Wilson (D) won with ~6.3 million votes over William H. Taft (R) and Roosevelt (Former R) who combined for ~7.5 million votes

-Danger of split election

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic president elected in 1912

-Created 14 points: 14 causes to end warfare

Isolationism

A foreign policy of avoiding affairs or involvement with others

Imperialism

Expanding borders and influence to build an empire

USS Maine

Battleship, sunk in Havana, February 1898

-Accidental explosion, blamed it on Spain—(Yellow journalism)

-Pulitzer and Hearst

Yellow Journalism

Exaggerating news to sell more papers

-Competition for readers

-Alleged mistreatment of Cuban people (Our hemisphere) by Spain; growing hatred and distrust

Spanish-American War

Cuba and Philippines

-4 months, 400 dead (2,000+ disease)

-TR, Rough Riders, San Juan Hill-Unimportant,YJ—>TR war hero

Teller Amendment

Growing distrust in Spain of the United States-Written in April, 1898 (2 months after sinking of the USS Maine)

-Amendment to war declaration stating the US had no interest in controlling Cuba

-Declared Cuba independent (War declaration)

Platt Amendment

Written in March, 1901 (Amendment to Cuba’s new constitution)

1. Limited Cuba’s ability to make treaties with others

2. Required Cuba to lease land for US naval bases (Guantanamo Bay)

3. Cuba became a Protectorate of US (Smaller country partially controlled by a stronger one)

Panama Canal

Canal through Central America

1. Cut travel time for merchants and navy

2. A sign of American strength and commitment to imperialism

3. Panama; part of Colombia—Colombia said no; revolt in Panama, new agreement to build canal

Roosevelt Corollary

Latin American countries refused to pay debts to Europe

-Addition to Monroe Doctrine

-International Police Power in Western Hemisphere

Latin American countries payed back debts, led to dollar diplomacy

-Economic strength in addition to military force

4 MAIN Causes of WWI & WWII

1. Militarism

2. Alliances

3. Imperialism

4. Nationalism

Somme

The Battle of Somme: Allied offensive against German forces along the Western Front of WWI

-Somme River in France

Neutrality

Not choosing sides (Not the same as isolationism) “This time” vs. “Never”

-1916, Woodrow Wilson for reelection—”He has kept us out of war”

-US traded with England and France, but not with Germany or their allies

Lusitania

Passenger ship sunk in May of 1915 by Germany—128 out of 1,200 of them American

-Claimed America was smuggling weapons to the British (At least consider American involvement)

Zimmerman Note

Intercepted message from Germany to Mexico, January 1917

-Decoded and published in March-Proposed alliance between Germany and Mexico (In support of a Mexican invasion)

-Help win back Texas, New Mexico, Arizona

Mobilization

Preparing the country for war (From peace-time to war-time)

Armistice

Ceasefire agreement to stop fighting (11AM, 11/11/18)

-Veteran’s Day

-Germany’s new government saw no path to victory; people starving—Asked for help and peace

Sedition Act

1918—Made it illegal to criticize the war

The -Supreme Court upheld the Clear and Present Danger Act; to country and war efforts

Clear and Present Danger

Legal standard used to determine whether the government can restrict freedom of speech and press

Treaty of Versailles

1919 agreement that formally ended WWI

-January 1918—Woodrow Wilson, “We stand together until the end.”

-Paris; American leadership wellreceivedd and expected

Reparations

“Repay” war bills (Biggest reasons for the rise of Hitler and Nazi parties)

-Germany made last reparations payment in September 2010

League of Nations

Wilson’s 14th point

-Group of world representatives who would peacefully solve problems—America’s bold suggestion

Warren Harding

“Return to normalcy”—1920’s campaign promise

-Restore the calm (Government spending out of the economy)

Andrew Mellon

Warren Harding’s treasury secretary

-First to try to use tax policy to generate economic growth

Supply-Side Economics

Principal that the economy is primarily driven by those at the top (Those who control the supply)

-Bigger tax cuts for those at the top, smaller for those at the middle/bottom

1. Leads to more hiring

2. Leads to more investing

3. More working

Demand-Side Economics

Principal that the economy is primarily driven by those at the middle/bottom (Those who control the demand)

-Tax cuts for those at the middle/bottom, increase for those at the top

1. Leads to more spending

Palmer Raids

Named after Attorney General Palmer

-Began October 1919 in over 30 cities, mostly without search warrants—Thousands arrested

Sacco & Vanzetti

Convicted 1920 for a murder in Massachusetts, executed in 1927

-Supporters claimed it was because of their beliefs, not the murder

-Both Palmer Raids and Sacco & Vanzetti showed how deep fears ran during The Red Scare

Scopes Trial

Fundamentalism—Literal interpretations of The Bible

-Banning of teaching evolution in Tennessee public schools (The Butler Act)—The Book of Genesis

-March 1925, John Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution in Biology ( 1 year after the Quota Acts )

-Brought attention to Dayton, Tennessee; William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow

-John Scopes found guilty, fined $100—Overturned on a technicality

-Gave a rebirth to the KKK in the 1920’s

-1929, 4 million, 3.5% of US citizens in the KKK

Prohibition

13 year ban on alcohol (1920-1933)

-18th amendment (1919)

-Justified by the Volstead Act

Al Capone

Saint Valentines Day Massacre in 1929

-Organized crime leader in the 1920’s

Great Migration

Mass migration of ~6 million African Americans from the North to the South

Flapper

Liberated young women who embraced new urban fashions/attitudes

-Many women became more assertive

-Openly smoke, drink, and speak inappropriately

-Marriage viewed as a more equal partnership by women

-Image of rebellion rather than reality

-Casual dating normalized increasingly (More for men)

Installment Plan

Buying on credit, increased spending

-Refrigerator example on page 366 in the textbook

Babe Ruth

NY Yankees, the best baseball player ever

-Satchel Paige & Josh Gibson Negro League stars in Pittsburgh

Harlem Renaissance

Neighborhood in NYC

-1920’s, revival of Black music, culture, and literature

-”Harlem Renaissance” (Renaissance means rebirth/revival)

-Pittsburgh’s Hill District called “Little Harlem”

Great Depression

The longest and worst economic crisis in world history (1929-1941)

100 Days

President’s first 100 days in office

-Higher approval ratings

-Sense of optimism

-Programs sent to office for vote

New Deal

FDR—Series of government programs to end the Great Depression

-1933—3 R’s: Relief, recovery, reform

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

President who served for 4 terms (Court packing) during the Great Depression

-Promised more government involvement during his campaign—Ran against Herbert Hoover

Social Security

New Deal—1935, created by chaired committee (Secretary of Labor: Frances Perkins)

1. Old-age insurance retirees—65+ and their spouse

2. Unemployment compensation system

3. Aid to families with dependent children/people with disabilities