part 3 spcon module 5

What are under Gram Positive Bacteria?

● Staphylococcal

● Streptococcal

What is this?

● Among the most common bacterial pathogen residing in the skin

● More than 30 species but few are clinically relevant

● Health problem in both community and hospital

● COMMON:

○ Staphylococcus Aureus

○ Staphylococcus Epidermidis

● Spreads by direct contact with colonized surfaces or people (Typically skin to skin)

● NARES: Most common location of human colonization of S. Aureus (Skin, Oropharynx, Axilla, Groin, Perineum, Vagina)

● Colonization is a significant risk factor for developing disease

● Occurs more frequently in colonized individuals

● Surgical or burn patients

● Diabetic patients

● Chronic skin diseases

STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS

Under Staphylococcal Infections, what are the common examples?

○ Staphylococcus Aureus

○ Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Under Staphylococcal Infections, what is being defined?

• Most common location of human colonization of S. Aureus (Skin, Oropharynx, Axilla, Groin, Perineum, Vagina)

● NARES:

Under Staphylococcal Infection:

Predisposing factors:

● Infected wound

● Abscess

● Cellulitis

● Infective Endocarditis

● Osteomyelitis

BACTEREMIA

Under Staphylococcal Infection:

Predisposing factors:

● Immunodeficient

● Bloodborne bacteria

● Malignancy

● Chronic lung disease

● On antibiotics

PNEUMONIA

Under Staphylococcal Infection:

Predisposing factors:

● Prophylaxis antibiotics (Bowel surgery)

● Elderly

● Newborn

ENTEROCOLITIS

Under Staphylococcal Infection:

Predisposing factors:
● Contaminated food

FOOD POISONING

Under Staphylococcal Infection:

Predisposing factors:

● Bloodborne

● Skin trauma

● Infection

● Orthopedic surgery

● Growing bones

OSTEOMYELITIS

Under Staphylococcal Infection:

Predisposing factors:

● Decreased immunity

● Decreased blood flow

● Burns

● Foreign bodies

● Underlying skin diseases

SKIN INFECTIONS

What is this

● Mucous membrane of the anterior nasopharynx

○ Principal site of carriage

● Can cause intoxication and infection

○ INTOXICATION: Solely to the action of one or few secreted products of the organism that can produce toxin in a suitable vector (Food poisoning)

○ INFECTION: Involves bacterial proliferation, invasion, or destruction of host tissues causing systemic response

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Under Staphylococcus Aureus, what is being defined?

• Solely to the action of one or few secreted products of the organism that can produce toxin in a suitable vector (Food poisoning)

○ INTOXICATION:

Under Staphylococcus Aureus, what is being defined?

• Involves bacterial proliferation, invasion, or destruction of host tissues causing systemic response

○ INFECTION:

A branch of staphylococcus aureus

SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS:

● Most common etiologic agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

● Caused by endogenous flora (Nares)

● _____:

○ Infection of the follicular ostia

○ Yellow pustules with narrow red margin

● _____

○ Deep seated necrotic infection of a hair follicle

○ Most often located on buttocks, face, and neck

○ Painful and tender

○ Fever

○ TREATMENT: Drainage and Antibiotics

● _____

○ Deep infection of a group of contiguous follicles

● _____

○ Superficial cutaneous disorder in children

● _____

○ Spreading infection of subcutaneous tissue

A branch of staphylococcus aureus

SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS:

● Most common etiologic agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

● Caused by endogenous flora (Nares)

● FOLLICULITIS:

○ Infection of the follicular ostia

○ Yellow pustules with narrow red margin

● FURUNCLE (BOIL):

○ Deep seated necrotic infection of a hair follicle

○ Most often located on buttocks, face, and neck

○ Painful and tender

○ Fever

○ TREATMENT: Drainage and Antibiotics

● CARBUNCLE:

○ Deep infection of a group of contiguous follicles

● BULLOUS IMPETIGO:

○ Superficial cutaneous disorder in children

● CELLULITIS:

○ Spreading infection of subcutaneous tissue

SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS:

● Most common etiologic agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

● Caused by endogenous flora (Nares)

● _____:

○ Infection of the follicular ostia

○ Yellow pustules with narrow red margin

FOLLICULITIS

SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS:

● Most common etiologic agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

● Caused by endogenous flora (Nares)

● _____

○ Deep seated necrotic infection of a hair follicle

○ Most often located on buttocks, face, and neck

○ Painful and tender

○ Fever

○ TREATMENT: Drainage and Antibiotics

FURUNCLE

SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS:

● Most common etiologic agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

● Caused by endogenous flora (Nares)

● _____

○ Deep infection of a group of contiguous follicles

CARBUNCLE

SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS:

● Most common etiologic agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

● Caused by endogenous flora (Nares)

● _____

○ Superficial cutaneous disorder in children

BULLOUS IMPETIGO

SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS:

● Most common etiologic agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

● Caused by endogenous flora (Nares)

● _____

○ Spreading infection of subcutaneous tissue

CELLULITIS

A branch of Staphylococcus Aureus

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS: ● Can invade by: ○ Aspiration of upper respiratory flora ○ Hematogenous spread ● Staphylococcus pneumonia ○ Uncommon ○ Double antibiotics ● Sinusitis

A branch of Staphylococcus Aureus

● Usually by hematogenous spread ● Most common is brain abscess ● Meningitis

INFECTIONS OF THE CNS:

A branch of Staphylococcus Aureus

● Uncommon cause

URINARY TRACT INFECTION:

A branch of Staphylococcus Aureus

● Most common cause in bacterial endocarditis

ENDOVASCULAR INFECTION:

A branch of Staphylococcus Aureus

● Most common in acute osteomyelitis

MUSCULOSKELETAL INFECTION:

Under Streptococcal Infections, what is being defined?

○ One of the most common bacterial pathogen of any age

○ Typically transmitted via contact with respiratory droplets, less common food borne

○ Commonly seen in strep pharyngitis, acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

● STREPTOCOCCAL PYOGENES

Under Streptococcal Infections, what is being defined?

○ Most common

● GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL

Under Streptococcal Infections, what is being defined?

○ Leading cause of bacterial sepsis and meningitis in newborn

● STREPTOCOCCAL AGALACTIAE

Under Streptococcal Infections, what is being defined?

● Occurs commonly in children (Sore throat)

● Only pharyngitis requiring treatment

● Colonizes the throat

● Incubation period is 2-4 days

● Fever

● Sore throat with dysphagia

● Beefy red pharynx

● Tonsils with exudate

● Swollen lymph nodes

STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS:

Under Streptococcal Infections, what is being defined?

● Follows an untreated streptococcal pharyngitis or wound infection

● Strain releases pyogenic exotoxins

● Most common in children 2-10 years old

● Acquired by inhalation or direct contact with oral secretions

● Sore throat

● Fever

● Strawberry tongue

● Fine erythematous rash (Blanches with pressure) appears on upper chest then spreads to extremities sparing the soles and palms

● Rashes fades over a week followed by general desquamation of skin

SCARLET FEVER