USH LSU Isenhower 2057 Unit 1 Key Terms

"Bloody Shirt" politics

a way of appealing to voters by bringing up hardships of the wars

"Cattle Kingdom"/ cattle boom

Resulted from an increase in the supply of cattle out west, increase demand for beef in the east, and the growth of railroads

"Jim Crow" laws & difference from "black codes", methods (poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clause...)

Jim Crow laws were state & local laws that originated in the South in the mid- 1880s & legally separated people according to race. These laws spread to many public facilities & established a policy of racial segregation that favored white citizens. Black codes were a response to the 13th Amendment -permanently abolishes slavery in the U.S. Codes kept black people in second class level of society- still didn't allow black people to vote

"McKinley Prosperity"

This 1900 William McKinley poster capitalized on the renewed foreign relations focus caused by the Spanish-American War.The President waves the American flag and stands atop a gold coin supported by soldiers, sailors, businessmen, and workers.The words, "Prosperity at Home, Prestige Abroad," are written in the sky above him.McKinley's gold platform represents the gold standard, a policy he maintained throughout his tenure as President.He is held up by upper-class and working-class men, is in front of factories labeled "Civilization" and a fleet of ships labeled "Commerce."

"New South" Advocates , J.D.B. DeBow, Henry W. Grady

DeBow- 1850s. Editor of DeBow's Review. Believed south needs its own industries/commerce/shipping. Slaves were the best way to aid industrialization in the south. Grady- Editor of Atlanta Constitution.
Promoted a "New South", which focused on getting over the Civil War and a shift from the traditional southern agrarian economy to a more industrial one.
The organizer of the International Cotton Exposition in the 1880s

"Peace Policy"

Give up cultural & religious traditions ,so as to fit in or to assimilate to U.S. society, which could result in citizenship. Accept English language, Chrisitianity, individual ownership of land instead of tribe ownership, allegiance to U.S. not tribe

"Spoils System"

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

• Problems of the cities (slums, sanitation, fire prevention, crime)

Tenements and "slums." Sanitation. - Cholera, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever. - Social Darwinism. • Few standards for construction, fire safety, workplace conditions. Immigrants lived in Ghettos- often very clustered and dirty. The benefits were that the adults who moved here could still be immersed in their culture along with other people like them and they could raise their children in an environment that taught them about their culture of wherever they were from before moving to America

1887 Dawes Act/Dawes Severalty Act/General Allotment Act

Passed in 1887. The Dawes Severalty Act called for the breakup of Indian reservations and the treatment of Native Americans as individuals rather than as tribes. Any Native American who accepted the act's terms received 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land and was guaranteed U.S. citizenship in twenty-five years. Intended to help Native Americans integrate into white society, in practice the Dawes Act caused widespread poverty and homelessness. Forbade Indian religions & practices of medicine men.

Agrarian reform

popular but controversial strategy to redistribute land to peasant farmers

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A collection of craft unions, founded in 1886 & headed by Samuel Gompers, that comprised skilled workers & excluded most immigrants & women

Anarchism

Many groups including the socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state. This belief system thought society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation.

Andrew Carnegie, U.S. Steel

Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL. Poor immigrant as a boy. The Gospel of Wealth- wealth in excess should be kept in "trust" for the poor. Promoted philanthropic works

Battle of the Little Bighorn

In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men (225) died after believing the force against them would be small.

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

Black codes

Laws enacted by southern state legislatures after the Civil War that granted limited rights to former slaves, including the right to marry, own land, & participate in the judicial process, but that also singled out black people under the law & imposed severe restraints on their occupations, mobility, & rights as parents

Black Hills of South Dakota

Blast furnaces

Bonanza farms

Large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks(similar to work in a factory).

Bourbon Democrats

A person who had not accepted the changes brought about by the Civil War, particularly the abolition of slavery. Nickname of 1880s ex-Confederate Democrats who returned to power; Had such a power monopoly that they could manipulate election results to their favor

Central Pacific Railroad

Started in Sacramento, California- east- hired Chinese immigrants (cheap labor) CCC.

Charles Guiteau

Assassinated President James to make civil service reform a reality. He shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job.

Chester A. Arthur

Stalwart vice president for Garfield. Became president after Garfield was assassinated. Arthur supported reform, passed the Pendleton Act which established a category of civil service jobs that were to be filled by examinations.

Chicago school or Chicago skeleton construction technology (early skyscrapers)

a type of sociology practiced at the University of Chicago in the 1920s and 1930s that centered on urban settings and field research methods

Chief Joseph/Nez Perce

the chief of the Wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce Indians during General Oliver O. Howard's attempt to forcibly remove his band and the other "non-treaty" Indians to a reservation in Idaho. For his principled resistance to the removal, he became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker

Chinese Exclusion Act

Stopped Chinese immigration for 10 years (renewed 10 yrs. later). And before this they'd passed laws aimed at Chinese; no queues, couldn't own land, marry, carry baskets on shoulders in San Fran, testify, become U.S. citizens.

Chinese immigrants

Came to the U.S. from Angel Island in San Francisco and mainly worked on the railroads for unfair pay and conditions

Civil service reform

Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in government.

Civil War and shifting Union war aims

Civil War- few political gains- damaged U.S. either way- Union had to invade the South, defeat Confederates & occupy territory

Coal-powered steam engines

The steam engine was used to pump water out of coal mines.

Colfax Massacre

In 1837, armed whites assaulted the town of Colfax, Louisiana, with a small cannon, killing hundreds of former slaves and fifty black militia members after they surrendered.

Colored National Farmers Alliance

to protect African American farmers in the South from falling commodity prices, rising farm costs, and high interest rates.

Convict leasing

Notorious system, begun during Reconstruction, whereby southern state officials allowed private companies to hire out prisoners to labor under brutal conditions in mines and other industries.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Crazy Horse

A chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)

Credit and Finance Corporation

Credit Mobilier

1872, This was a fraudulent construction company created to take the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad. Using government funds for the railroad, the Union Pacific directors gave padded construction contracts to Congress members so they could get more money

Deflation

Democratic Party platform

Dennis Kearney,

An Irish immigrant who led the Working Men's Party of California to oppose Chinese immigration, racist against Chinese and he campaigned to kick them out. Irony is that the Irish were hated on the east coast and he himself was Irish. Followers were Kearneyites.

Differences between North and New South (railroads, economic development, urbanization, w/ explanations)

New South- After civil war railroads explode across the South- doubled between 1865-1880. RR's in South faced big problems as they had fewer capital resources, fewer investors, & a weaker economy than North or West. Also they had a low population density- made it harder for rail lines to set financially viable routes. transportation infrastructure was used unevenly bc of agricultures- during harvest\= more demand than infrastructure could handle but rest of year needed had little demand. Helped give South an industrial base- before war only relied on water base

Dingley Tariff

Passed in 1897, the highest protective tariff in U.S. history with an average duty of 57%. It replaced the Wilson - Gorman Tariff, and was replaced by the Payne - Aldrich Tariff in 1909. It was pushed through by big Northern industries and businesses.

Direct primaries

an election in which voters choose candidates to represent each party in a general election

Early Reform

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward

Provided a financial critique of the new industrial order. This utopian novel advocated for cooperative rather than a competitive society\= "perfect world w/o poverty, disease, violent labor struggles

Election of 1876 and Compromise of 1877

Event in which Rutherford Hayes became president in exchange for ending Reconstruction. Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

Election of 1880

In 1880, James A. Garfield was elected president in a very close election. His vice president was Chester A. Arthur. (p. 382)

Election of 1884

James G Blaine was nominated by the Republicans, while Grover Cleveland was the Democratic nominee. The Independent Republicans, known as "Mugwumps," supported Cleveland, which cost Blaine the election. The Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans dominated the Senate.

Election of 1888

Benjamin Harrison is elected as a result of money from big business ad veterans votes. Supported the increase in tarrifs and pensions, and resulted in the economy going into a depression by 1880

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Electrification

Ely Samuel Parker

Assisted Lewis Henry Morgan in Writing League of the Iroquois. Fought in the Civil war alongside Ulysses S. Grant. Became Commissioner for the Bureau of Indian Affairs

Exodusters

Freed slaves who fled the South in search of better opportunities & treatment in the West after the Civil War

Fifteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment that prohibited the denial of voting rights on the basis of race

First and Second Industrial Revolution

the First Industrial Revolution centered on textile manufacturing and the innovation of the steam engine, the Second Industrial Revolution focused instead on steel production, the automobile and advances in electricity. Discoveries in the field of electricity improved communication technologies.

First transcontinental railroad

1869 Completed with Golden Spike at Promontory Point, Utah. Marked the meeting of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads. During construction, the Union Pacific used Irish labor, while the Central Pacific used Chinese labor. The connection of the railroads opened national markets and met growing economic needs. Access for: Trade with China. Gold in California and Rockies. Cattle markets -Markets for western farmers.

Force Bill

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

Fourteenth Amendment

. Win WIn Constitutional agreement that guaranteed national citizenship & equality to former slaves, & detailed changes related to the former Confederate states but offered no specific protection of freed people's voting rights. Direct response to black codes

Frederick Jackson Turner/Turner thesis

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Free silver

Movement for using silver in all aspects of currency. Not adopted because all other countries used a gold standard.

Gentlemen's Agreement

An informal treaty between the United States and the Japanese government to stop Japanese immigration to the U. S.- U.S. would no longer exclude Japanese immigrants if Japanese promised to voluntarily limit the number of immigrants to the U.S.- mainly adult male laborers

George A. Custer

US Army officer and Cavalry of American Civil War and the Indian Wars. Lost battle of Little Big Horn (died).

Geronimo

Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

Ghost Dancers, Wounded Knee Massacre

Created by Wovoka, if Indians gave up alcohol & white ways, returned to traditions & customs then white men would disappear and buffalo would return to plains. Dance was banned from reservations. Wounded Knee
In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry opened fire on Sioux men, women, and children in the Pine Ridge Reservation. Killing 146 Indians, including 44 women, 18 children and 25 soldiers.

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Gold Bugs

Popular term for those who favored the "status quo" in metal money and opposed the pro-silver Bryanites in 1896

Gold Rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Gold standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

Gospel of Wealth (pros and cons)

Written by Andrew Carnegie he argued that the benefits of industrialization outweighed the problems its created- conflict between workers & employees, gap between rich & poor, bad working conditions, etc, & that the advantages- cheap goods & comforts available to all outweighed this.

Grand Army of the Republic

This organization was founded by former Union soldiers after the Civil War. It lobbied Congress for aid and pensions for former Union soldiers. It was also a powerful lobbying influence within the Republican party.

Granger(s)

Name given to the farmers by ranchers. An organization of farmers who tried to get the government to regulate the railroads and pass other farm friendly policies.

Great Migration

The large-scale movement of African Americans during 7 after WWI from the South to the North where more jobs were

Great Plains Indian Nations (Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, Pawnee, Comanche, Apache)

Greater Democracy

Progressives were interested in establishing a more transparent and accountable government which would work to improve U.S. society. These reformers favored such policies as civil service reform, food safety laws, and increased political rights for women and U.S. workers.

Greenbackism

printing of paper money to inflate currency and thereby relieve debtors

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, the violent suppression of strikes, sent federal troops to Chicago to enforce the passage of trains

Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor

Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor, which was an outraged indictment of anti-Indian violence, exploitation, & broken treaties. However, she was not sympathetic to Indian culture; believed Indians must be stripped of their culture to assimilate productively to American society.

Henry George, Progress and Poverty

Said that poverty was the inevitable side-effect of progress.

Herbert Spencer

British social theorist who popularized the theory of Social Darwinism- society evolved & improved through competition, with survival of the fittest- theory supported laissez-faire economics

Homestead Act (1862)

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects. Western lands given for practically nothing to settlers. Free land would help preserve American values of democratic individualism

Horizontal integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Hull House

Brought to U.S. by Jane Addams in Chicago. Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

International Harvester plant

McCormick, Deering Harvester Company, Plano Manufacturing Company, Champion Line and Milwaukee Harvester Company joined forces to create International Harvester Company. The newly-formed conglomerate offered a larger variety of farm machines.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Interstate Commerce Commission

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Irish immigrants

Union Pacific Railroad used them as cheap laborers

James A. Garfield

Ohio Congressman- openly goes against Andrew Johnson & slanders him for telling southern states to go against the 14th Amendment. basically saying south dragged U.S. through turmoil and now y'all are seeming to forget y'all lost the war so congress is gonna remind y'all

James B. Weaver

American politician who leaned toward agrarian radicalism; he twice ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency, as the Greenback-Labor candidate (1880) and as the Populist candidate (1892). He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Japanese Immigrants

began hiring workers from other asian countries like the Philippines and Japan b/c of the Chinese Exclusion Act. had to attend separate schools. Wanted pres. Roosevelt to limit immigration from Japan but didn't want to so he made the Gentlemen's Agreement

John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil

Made $ in petroleum oil. Combined different companies under standard oil trusts. Used anti-competition strategies

John M. Chivington

US army colonel who lead troops at the Sand Creek Massacre

John Pierpont Morgan

American financier (JP Morgan) and industrialist who organized the US Steel corporation after buying it from Carnegie. Used banker knowledge to undermine and take over businesses.

Johnson's Reconstruction Policy

President Johnson wanted to dillute reconstruction acts . Wanted to quickly restore the south to the union; did not want to give ex slaves full political equality. States placed under appointed provisional governors, only loyal whites could vote for delegates for constitutional convention, required oath of allegiance, those in excluded list must apply for individual pardon to regain political and property rights, declare ordinances of secession illegal, repudiate Confederate debt, ratify Thirteenth Amendment

Jubilee

In the context of the Civil War, Jubilees were celebrations by black Southerners marking their deliverance from bondage- freedom from slavery

KKK, White League, Knights of the White Camellia

KKK- organization with the bitterest & most violent opponents of reconstruction & black freedom. Knights of the White Camellia- organization from Louisiana, came after KKK- modeled after them

Labs, telephones, typewriters, adding machines, sewing machines, etc.

Laissez faire economics

Economic doctrine- favored by businessmen & politicians they supported. basically said that the government should not interfere with business or the market 7 that businesses should compete naturally unimpeded by gov. regulations