Animal Science

Abomasum

True stomach of a ruminant

Amino Acids

proteins that animals cannot synthesize on their own

Animal Protein Sources

bone meal or blood meal

Carbohydrate

starches stored as reserve food in plants

Carnivore

animal that eats only meat

Cecum

portion of the large intestine similar to rumen but in horses and rabits, provides hindgut fermentation

Cereal Grains

grains raised for their seed, primarily carbs, corn/oats

Corn Gluten Feed

high quality protein supplement

Corn Kernel Milk Line

measurement of plant moisture, ideal harvest stage is between 2 and 3

Corn Milling

process that produces corn co-products like ethanol, corn gluten feed, and corn gluten meal

Crop Residues

dry forages typically poorly digested with minimal nutrient values: straw, corn stalks, corn cobs, cotton seed hulls

Diet

all feedstuffs consumed by the animal over time

Dried Distillers’ Grain

dry milling distiller’s grain for ethanol production

Dry Forages

important for digestive health in ruminants

Energy Concentrates

added primarily to increase energy density in a ration

Feedstuff

dry forage, pasture, silage, energy concentrate, protein supplement, minerals, vitamin additives

Forage

pasture, green chop, silages, hay, corn stalks

Foregut Fermenter

cattle and sheep: ferment or process ingested food within the rumen

Hind-Gut Fermenter

horses and rabbits: process ingested food with the cecum/large intestine

Free Gas Bloat

bloat of the stomach caused by a gas pocket when an animal can’t burp - life threatening

Frothy Bloat

bacteria within rumen produced a slime that traps gas bubbles, caused by high grain diet

Grains

classification of feedstuffs: corn, sorghum, wheat, oats, barley

Herbivore

animals that depend on plants for energy

Legume

make protein by taking nitrogen from the atmosphere: commonly alfalfa and clover

Monogastric

having one stomach comprised of esophageal, cardiac, fundic, and pyloric zones

Nutrient Requirement

level of a specific chemical or chemical category that must be consumed each day if the animal is to meet performance criteria

Omasum

“many piles/butcher’s bible” resembles book and is spherical in shape. connected to reticulum by tube. Primary site for water absorption in cattle

Protein Supplements

ranked by amino acid of the protein, often blood or bone meal

Ration

mixture of feedstuffs formulated to meet the daily requirement for the target animal and phase of production

Reticulum

honeycomb appearance, underneath and toward the front of the rumen, Collects and transports smaller food particles into the omasum.

Rumen

site for all the fiber fermentations which produces energy, called the paunch or “beer belly”

Silages

made by harvesting hay or grain crops early in maturity allowing moisture crop to ferment over time to increase nutrient content and preserve the crop

Villi

Small finger-like projections lining the intestinal mucosa and giving it a velvety appearance

Beef on Dairy

dairy cows are AI’ed with beef bull semen

Bulk Tank

refrigerated, stainless steel storage tank designed to hold milk located at dairy farms

Cud

bolus or regurgitated food from rumen with increased saliva

DHIA

collects and processes information on dairy cows. determine profitability of individual cows, make nutrition decisions, manage reproduction, control mastitis

Daughter Pregnancy Rate

percentage of time that a cow would be expected to get pregnant during a thee-week reproductive cycle during the breeding period of a lactation

Dry Cow

cows that have calves once and is not currently producing milk

Dry Off

to change a lactating animal to a non lactating one

Dry Period

the time during the lactation cycle when the cow is not lactating

Feed Conversion Ratio

a ration measuring the efficiency that livestock convert feed into the desired output (milk)

Free Stalls

resting cubicles or cowstalls in which dairy animals are free to enter and leave

Freshen

act of parturition for dairy cows

Gomer Bull

teaser bulls have been surgically altered to make sure it cannot breed with the cow

Hutch

an individual housing unit designed for young calves

Lactate

to secrete or produce milk

Mastitis

an inflammation of dairy cows’ milk ducts while she is lactating. causes by bacteria and treated with antibiotics

Pasteurization

heating milk to kill bacteria and extend shelf life

Somatic Cell Count

number of white blood cells and epithelial cells in a mL of milk. lower is better

Timed AI program

AI not using heat detection, just breeding at certain times using CIDR. If in heat in morning breed at night and vice versa

Transition Period

30 days before calving and 30 days after calving

Veal

calf fed early for harvest, 3-5 months old.

White Veal

calf harvested with a milk diet

Red Veal

calf harvested with a milk and grain diet

Avian

relating to birds

Bloom

protective sealing substance on the shell preventing bacteria to enter the egg

Broiler

meat chickens, the largest share of the poultry industry

Brooding

sitting on eggs to hatch

Candling

using a candle to test for egg fertility at 4-7 days incubation

Chick

newborn chicken

Cockerel

young male chicken

Contract Growers

Supplying the building/land, Feeding and watering, Utilities, Litter material, Waste disposal, Labor

Dead Germs

embryos that died after growing large enough to be seen when candled

Fowl

domesticated birds - turkey, duck, goose, kept for eggs or meat

Game Birds

exhibition or ornamental for meat production

Gander

Male Goose

Hatching

the act of the chick exiting the egg

Hen

mature female chicken

Incubator

artificial heat produced to help eggs hatch

Infertile Egg

unfertilized egg/egg that started developing but died before growth could be detected

Layer

chickens for the purpose of laying eggs

Molting

shed old feathers, high amount of protein in the feathers. can create forced molting

Plumage

description of feathers

Poult

young domestic fowl being raised for food

Poultry

all domestic birds of several species

Pullet

young female chicken

Rooster

mature male chicken

Sex-linked cross

crossing two varieties of chicken to color select chick sex

Strain

families or breeding population that are more nearly alike than the breed or variety they are a subdivision of

Tom

male turkey

3 Animal Sources of Water

drink, ingested as food, production of metabolic water

Where Carbs are Most Abundant

seeds, fruit, roots, tubers

Monosaccharides

glucose, ripe fruit, honey, sweet corn

Disaccharides

sucrose, maltose, lactose

Polysaccharides

starch (easily digested broken down to glucose) cellulose (not easily digested without ruminant enzymes)

Fats

Furnish 2.25x as much energy as carbs

Proteins

Bodily tissue repair, tissue growth, metabolism, antibodies, enzymes, hormones

Minerals

Supplemented in feeding, animals cannot synthesize their own

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, K

Water Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins B & C

Liver

detoxification of different metabolites and storage of vitamins/minerals

Ruminant Mouth

Dental pad and lacking an upper incisor

Ruminant Compartmentalized Stomach

Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum