family part 3

parsons

clear DOL between spouses in terms of instrumental and expressive role

allocated due to biological differences

bott

Segregated and joint conjugal roles

Hochschild

Women perform the emotion work for the family.where they have to take responsibility of managing the emotions of the members of the family

young and wilmott

-found results of segregated conjugal roles in their research of couples in bethnal green and they conformed to traditional gender roles and separate leisure activities and friendship network

- found that w/c conformed to segregated conjugla role and as m/c have geographical mobility and as a result joint congujal roles

Dunscombe and Marsden

'Triple shift' - housework, paid work and emotion work

ferri and smith

- fathers took responsibility in less than 4% of families

dex and ward

78% of fathers paly with children and only 1 % take care of children when sick

Braun, Vincent and Ball

Just 3 families out of 70 that were studied had a male in charge of caring for the children, instead most Father's were background Father's and believed in the 'provider ideology

crompton and lyonette cultural and ideological explanations

-DoL is determined by patriarchal norms and values that shape the gender roles in our culture

Dunne

Found that lesbian couples had more symmetrical relationships because of the absence of traditional heterosexual 'gender scripts'.

Weeks and Smart

- says that same sex couples are more equal

gershuny

• shared conjugal roles are based on socialisation

• parents roles are what you are likely to replicate

boulton

Fewer than 20% of husbands had a major role in childcare.

Crompton and Lyonette material expalnation

-women generally earn less than men which means that its economically rational for women to do more of the housework and childcate while men spend more of their time earning money

kan

- for every 10k a woman earns she does 2 hours less housework

Sullivan

- the amount of hours a woman works determines her household contributions as women working part time are more likely to do more housework

Arber and Ginn

middle class women can afford products to help DoL so they have less to do themselves e.g. ready meals

bryan and sanz

- housework affects wages as it reduces energy and flexibility that can be brought to a job

Ramos

When men are unemployed, they do the same amount of housework as women

Warde and Herrington

- found that wives were 30 times more likely to be the last person to do the washing and husbands were four times more likely to wash the car.

A03 for the DoL

- Bsa survey found ta fall in numeber of people who think that its the man's job to earn money and the woman's job to look after the home and family

southerton

said mother has to coordinate the schedule and manage a family's quality time together

the new man

- the trend towards dual earner households has led to the emergence of the new man

• they are more caring, sharing, gentle , emotional and sensitive in his attitudes to women , children and his own emotional needs which makes him committed to doing his fair share of housework and childcare

edgell

- found that women only had the responsibility for deciions if they were relatively unimportant like home decoration and furnishing

Harkness

- report in 2005 says that 3/4 of households now have dual incomes but the women still take responsibility for much of the housework

Dunscombe and Marsden on new man

- found that many long term relationships depended on women taking much of the responsibility for the managing of the emotional side of the family

Power relationships

- the distribution of power and authority concerns how much control over descision makign each partner has and who is most able to get their own way and made descisions that affect family life

barett and mclntosh

men gain far more from women domestic work than they give back in financial support

- the financial support that husbands give to their wives often has strings attached

kempson

- study looking at women in LI countries and found that it was often women who would often go without meals and not spend on themselces to make sure children are provided for

Pahl and Voger

- allowance system- men determine how much money women receive allowance and budget their money to meet families needs

- pooling- both have access to finances e.g joint bank accoutn

Pahl

pooling moeny doesnt mean equality

voger et al

cohabiting couples were less likely to pool their money

Nyman

- different couples view money differently as some do not see financial control as oppressive

PLP on money control

- focuses on the meanings people give to who controls the money

Dunne

- no gender scripts in same sex couples

Smart

in same sex couples there is little importance as to who controls money

weeks

evidence of co-independence – the typical pattern was pooling some money for household spending whilst having separate bank accounts for personal spending

A03 inequalities in money management

- 59% married couples say they consult each other on all financial issues

- 44% of working women were mainly responsible for making financial decisions compared to 53% of working men

Pooling dropped to 1/3 for women who work part time

pahl and vogler on descision making

- even when pooling, men make the most important descisions

hardhill

30 dual earner couples

- men alone makign financial descions

- man's job took priority

Home office definition of domestic violence

- any incident or pattern of controlling, coercive or threatning behaviour, violence or abuse....

The Women's aid federation definition of domestic violence

- Physical, psychological sexual or financial violence that takes place within an intimate or family type relationship and forms a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviour

stats on domestic violence

- in march 2020 1.6 million women experienced domestic

- police made 52 arrests per 100 domestic abuse crimes in 2021

- 40% of homeless women state domestic violence as a contributor in their homelessness

- male victims are over 3 times as likely as women not to tell anyone about the partner abuse they are suffering from

yearnshire

-33 assaults before 1st call to police

cheal

family is seen as positive and private and there is the assumption that people will leave unhappy relationship

dar

argues that women feel that the issue of DV is a private matter and thus do not report it

- in many cases police and prosecutors may be reluctant to record, investigate or prosecute cases reported to them

Coleman et al

- 2 woman killed a week by partner/ former partner

walby and allen

Found that women were more likely to be victims of multiple incidents of abuse and sexual violence

Dobash and Dobash (Domestic Violence)

research based on court and police records in scotlnd and interviewers with women in refugees

- the cause of violence was patriarchy

- happened with men that felt their authority was challenged

Ansara and Hindin

Women suffered more severe violence and control with more serious psychological effects

Fiona Brookman

- the nature of masculinity is to be blamed as the culture of masculinity values control over others so men resort to violence if they feel they are losing control

rape in marriages stats

- 95 % are never reported to the police

- 50% of rape in marriage are accompanied by the threat or use of actual ciolence

- rape charges have fallen by 70% in 2022

Millet and Firestone

- Dv is inevitable in a patriarchal society as men are the enemy

- state is dominated by the men and so they are reluctant to investigate DV

new right explanation of DV

- argues W/C are likely to have DV since they are more insecure and this is another consequence of the increase in family diversity

- Dv takes place in families that are not functioning well. violence results from instability caused by factors such a cohabitation and devorce

Giddens

in modern families and relationships, couples are charged with strong emotions mixing ' hate' and 'love'. in some instances even minor disagreements results in violence. the increasing isolation of nuclear families increases this intensity

child abuse

NSPCC in 2011 found that 1 in 5 children have been severely maltreated during childhood