Weak Topics - Exam Revision

Songlines

One of many sung narratives of the landscape that weave across Country and enable every significant place in Aboriginal Dreaming to be known

Dreaming

A timeless concept and a guide to life and living where Dreaming is not just stories, it is art, songs, dance; it is written into the land itself

Oral culture

A culture in which information and stories are communicated by word of mouth

Sung narrative

A story told through singing, music and sometimes dance

Difference between songlines and method of loci

Those who used songlines were almost three times as likely to remember the entire list in their second test than students who used the method of loci as Aboriginal method is better suited to teaching in a single, relatively short instruction period

Similarity between songlines and method of loci

Both memory techniques were effective in learning information that is sequential in nature

Culture

A way of life that is shared and learned

Cultural determinants of wellbeing

Cultural factors that influence health and wellbeing

Cultural continuity

The ability to preserve the historical traditions of a culture and carry them forward with that culture into the future

Self-determination

The ability to participate in decisions on matters that affect one's life

SEWB Model for Indigenous Wellbeing

- Views physical and mental health holistic concept that may change across the lifespan of an individual

- At the centre, is the individual who is surrounded by a network of relationships between individuals, family, kin and community

- Recognises the importance of connection to land, culture, spirituality and ancestry and how these affect the individual

Connection to body

Feeling strong and healthy and able to physically participate as fully as possible in life

Connection to mind and emotions

Ability to manage thoughts and feelings

Connection to family and kinship

Central to the functioning of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander societies

Connection to community

Community can take many forms, providing opportunities for individuals and families to connect with each other, support each other and work together

Connection to culture

Provides a sense of continuity with the past and helps underpin a strong identity

Connection to Country

Helps underpin identity and a sense of belonging

Connection to spirituality and ancestors

Provides a sense of purpose and meaning

Social determinants

Socio-economic status and the impact of poverty, unemployment, housing, educational attainment, racial discrimination, exposure to violence, trauma and stressful live events and access to community resources

Historical determinants

Impact of past government policies and the extent of historical oppression and cultural displacement experienced by individuals,families and communities

Political determinants

Unresolved issues of land, control of resources, cultural security and the rights of self-determination and sovereignty which are recognised as contributing to health and wellbeing and reducing health inequities

Random sampling

Selecting participants from the population in a way that means each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study

Strength of random sampling

A large enough random sample is likely to be representative of the population, improving external validity

Limitations of random sampling

- Small random samples may not be representative of the population, reducing the external validity

- May be difficult, time consuming, impossible or unethical to obtain names of all members of the population

Stratified sampling

First dividing the population in subgroups and then randomly selecting participants from each subgroup in the proportion that they appear in the population

Strengths of stratified sampling

- A large enough stratified sample is likely to be representative of the population, improving external validity

- Important subgroups of a population are ensured fair representation

Limitations of stratified sampling

- May be difficult, impossible or unethical to obtain names of all members of the population

- It is more time consuming than using a random sampling technique because of the need to form subgroups and any pre-testing required

Controlled experiment

Involves experimental investigation of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a dependent variable with all other variables controlled

Strengths of controlled experiment

- Can identify a cause-and-effect relationship between an IV and DV

- Results may be generalised to the population of interest if the study is deemed to have good validity

- Can be repeated to gather more data and test the reproducibility and repeatability of results

Random allocation

Dividing a sample into groups in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being placed into the experimental or the control group

Between-subjects design

Participants are randomly allocated to either the control or the experimental condition

Strengths of between-subjects design

- Most time-efficient as both groups can be tested at the same time and no pre-testing is required

- Lower rate of participant withdrawal because participants only complete one condition

- Better control of participant knowledge of the study and no effect of prior participant extraneous variables influencing results

Limitations of between-subjects design

- More participants needed than a within-subjects design

- Less control over the extraneous variable of participant differences between groups, may influence results in an unwanted way, lowering validity

Within-subjects design

All participants in the sample are involved in both the experimental and control conditions

Strengths of within-subjects design

- No extraneous variable of participant variables between groups, improving validity

- Fewer participants are needed than in a between subjects design

Limitations of within-subjects design

- Less control over participant knowledge of the study, extraneous variable of participant differences in the first condition may influence their behaviour while completing the second condition

- More time consuming as both conditions cannot be tested at the same time

- Higher rate of participant withdrawal from the study because the DV has to be measured multiple times

Mixed design

Combines elements of a between subjects design and a within subjects design

Strengths of mixed design

- Differences in participant variables are controlled in within subjects element

- Tests the effect of multiple independent variables on a dependent variable in one investigation

- Testing multiple independent variables in one investigation can be time and cost effective compared to completing two or more separate investigations

Limitations of mixed design

- Higher rate of participant withdrawal which can be detrimental to the internal validity

- Less control over participant knowledge of the study, prior participation in the first condition may influence their behaviour while completing the second condition

- Less control over differences in participant variables between groups in the between subject elements, lowering validity

Case study

- Investigation of a particular activity, behaviour, event or problem that contains a real or hypothetical situation and include real-world complexities

Strengths of case study

- Useful for a limited number of participants

- Used to study experiences that would be unethical or impossible to design and conduct a controlled experiment

- Provide rich qualitative data

- Act as a basis for further research

Limitations of case study

- One person or a small group of people cannot be representative of a population, results cannot be generalised to the population leading to lowered external validity

- Researcher bias may influence recording, collation and treatment of data

- May not be repeatable to gain more data or test reliability of results

- Typically time consuming

Fieldwork

Investigation involving collecting information through observing and interacting with a selected environment

Strengths of a fieldwork

- Information on sensitive topics can be obtained

- Can help to gain insight into existing data or behaviours that were not expected

- Natural settings are more likely to show behaviour that reflects real life

Limitations of a fieldwork

- Observed behaviour is subjective and open to interpretation and bias by the researcher

- Qualitative data can be difficult to summarise

- There is minimal control over extraneous variables and the results may not be replicable

Internal validity

Whether a study investigates what it sets out or claims to investigate

External validity

Whether the results of research can be applied to similar individuals in a different setting

Validity

Whether a measurement measures what it is supposed to measure