APUSH 10-11 Test

Every ID in the chapters 10-12 for the next test!! :)

Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)

• A cause for mass immigration to US

• Poverty stricken Irish servants

• Only food source is diminished by a potato blight that ravages through the country

  • Potato has a large yield from one crop, high in carbs, grows in subpar conditions

• Many Irish folks end up in New York City

• 267

Nativism

• Anti-immigration sentiment

• Belief that immigrants are uneducated and ignorant

• Specific to Irish: Catholicism is believed to be stripping their ability to freely think

• Immigrants will take their beliefs and “infect” voting

• 268-269

Know Nothings

• Otherwise known as the “Native American Party”

• A conspiracy group that targeted Catholic immigrants

• Wanted to ban Catholics or foreign-born from holding public office, restrictive naturalization laws, and literacy tests for voting

• Secret code: “I know nothing”

• Eventually created the American Party after the election of 1852

• Large votes in the NE

• Decline after 1854

• Lead to the collapse of the existing parties and new national political alignments

• 269

Erie Canal

• Canals had a boom in the 1820s-40s

• Waterway between Lake Erie and Mohawk River, more importantly eventually the Hudson River

• Connected all Great Lakes to New York and the East in general

• Allowed goods to be travelled between the Midwest and the East

  • Allowed crops from Midwest to sell to Europe

• Very expensive endeavor paid for by the State of NY

  • 7 million dollars

• Industry + possible labor for immigrants increase

• The greatest construction project in US history

• Inspired many more canals

• 270-271

Trunk Lines

• Long or main segments of train tracks

• An important change in railroad development

  • More organized

• Directly connected major cities

• Connected the Northeast and Northwest

• Diverted attention and traffic from the canals

• Weakened to connection between the Northwest and South, as the Northwest no longer relied on the Mississippi and New Orleans ports

Samuel F. B. Morse

• Helped invent and perfect the telegraph in the US

  • Transmitted a message from Baltimore to Washington DC in 1844

• The Morse telegraph system solved problems of long-distance communication

• Telegraph lines ran along train tracks

• The telegraph helped to schedule and route trains

• Connected the nation like never before

• More lines were found in the North than the South

  • Linked the North to the Northwest, further separating the South from the NW

• Also invented Morse Code

  • Still used today for communications

Corporation

• New organizations born out of the production of railroads

• A system using public ownership and shareholders

• Needed for economic development —> domestic capital

Lowell System

• A system using women for cheaper labor

  • Expected to pay women less because they were not expected to support a family

• Used single and unmarried women from rural areas

• Attracted them through the promise of housing and pay

  • The boarding houses allowed for social groups to form

  • The pay allowed the women to be financially independent for the first time ever

• Limited because women could just quit and go back home

  • Not a problem with immigrant workers

Patents

• A legal documents stating that you own an idea or machine and anyone who wants to use it must pay you

• Aided in technological development

• 1830 - 544 patents

• 1860 - 4800

• Allowed machines to be mass produced

McCormick Reaper

• An example of mechanization in the Mid-West

• A machine that automates wheat collection

• Made by and for Mid-West family farmers

  • Mid-West is the heart of commodities

    • Grain and livestock are more efficient

Women’s Separate Sphere

• Separate sphere:

  • A social phenomenon that separates the domestic and private aspects of life

• Women have the responsibility of:

  • Religion —> teaching to children

  • Household —> wives, mothers

    • Children

      • Education (republican mother)

    • Clothing

    • Servants

      • Cleaning

      • Cooking

    • Hostess

    • Budget

• Women’s traits:

  • Nurturing

  • Creative

  • Gentile

  • Emotional

    • Less rational

• Gave women a more involved place in society

• Dictated the roles and certain jobs that women could partake in

  • Mostly stay home

• Both empowering and confining

Goodey’s Ladies Book

• A magazine for women by women

• Subjects acceptable for women:

  • Music

  • Children

  • Fashion

    • Cover up in public (modest+ religion)

    • Let loose at home in front of family

    • Different outfits for different times or events

  • Education (republican mother!)

    • Literature, science, history

• A space for women to learn and spread knowledge

• Influenced the culture of American women and set rules and regulations for the society

King Cotton

• Cotton was proclaimed the king of cash crops

  • A new variant was hardier and able to be planted in not just coastal areas

  • Tobacco industry decreasing because its unstable prices and detrimental effect of land

    • Farmers switches to wheat

  • Rice had a long growing season (9 months) and a lot of work

  • Sugar had competition in the Caribbean plantations

• Cotton demand skyrocketed with the growth of textile industries in the UK and New England

• Cotton brought in $200 million a year for the US

  • 2/3 of the total export trade

• Southern politicians: “Cotton is king!”

Deep South

• Previously the “lower South”

• A region in which cotton production dominated

  • The “Cotton Kingdom”

  • Drew in large numbers of slaves and white settlers

  • Further distinguished Southern economy from the North

Southern Cavalier

• The antithesis of a Northern Yankee

• White southerners who thought of themselves as representatives of a special life style

  • Values of: chivalry, leisure, and elegance

  • They thought they were free from the greedy ways of the Northern Yankees

  • Thought of themselves as concerned with a refined and gracious lifestyle

    • Opposed to the concern with rapid growth and development

• In reality, they limitedly conformed to Southern society and did not represent the average Southern lifestyle