UNIT 2 AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY - POPULATION AND MIGRATION PATTERNS AND PROCESSES

Friction of Distance

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

Transhumance

A form of migration practiced by nomads who move herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer and lower elevations during the winter.

Asylum

The right to protection in a country

World Population Clusters

Form largest to smallest; East Asia (China, Japan), South Asia (Bangladesh, India). Europe and Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam)

Population Density

Number of people per occupying unit of land

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

Agricultural Density

The total number of farmers per unit of land suitable for agriculture

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land; which is land suitable for agriculture

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals a population that an environment can support

Census

The official count of a population

Demographic

Data about structures and human characteristics of human populations

Ecumene

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent settlement

Overpopulation

A situation in which the number or people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Fertility

Ability to reproduce children

Mortality

Deaths as a component of population change

Migration

The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of residence, etc., to settle in another

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year (excluding migration) CBR - CDR - NIR

Double Time

The number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double. The formula is 70/rate of natural increase

Doubling Time

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

Maternal Mortality Rate

Annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy - related causes per 100,000 live births.

Sex Ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children that each women in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years (ages 15 - 49)

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Anti - natalist policies

Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase and a higher total population

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid 1700s.

Industrial Revolution

The leap of medical knowledge in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition

Pro - Natalist Policies

Government policies to increase rate of natural increase

Stage 1 Demographic Transition Model

Low growth; very high birth and death rates = 0 RNI; hunting and gathering; agricultural societies

Stage 2 Demographic Transition Model

Improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitization, and wages cause death rates to drop.

Stage 3 Demographic Transition Model

Fertility rates drop and cause a more even distribution of the population according to age and sex

Stage 4 Demographic Transition Model

An industrial society; birth and death rates are both low

Declining Birth Rate

Medicine and contraceptive methods improve during this time so women can choose to have less children

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth - century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases agricultural production

Neo - Malthusian

Theory that builds upon Malthus’ thoughts on overpopulation. Takes into counts two factors that Malthus did not population growth in LDC's, and outstrippiung of resources other than food

Epidemiologic Transition Model

The process of change in the different causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic and medical conditions in a particular society

Pandemic

disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and effects a very high proportion of the population

Mobility

All types of movement from one place to another

Circulation/Circular Migration

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.

Emigration

Movement of individuals out of an area.

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another

Intraregional Migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country

Net Migration

The difference between the numbers of immigrants and the number of emigrants (determined whether migration raises or lowers your population)

Ravenstein’s Law

11 Principles that describe most common patterns in migration. For example; 1) most ,igrants move only a short distance 2) females are more migratory than males within the areas of their birth, but males more frequently venture beyond. 3) most migrants are young adults, families rarely migrate out of their country of birth

Voluntary Migration

Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced

Counterurbanization

Net Migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

Asylum Seeker

A person who has not left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another

Flood Plain

An area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks

Guest Worker

A foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who is forced to flee his or her home who remains within his or her country’s borders

Pull Factor

A factor that draws or attracts people to another location

Push Factor

Negative home conditions that encourage the decision to migrate

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for examples from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Brain Drain

The emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Intervening Obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

Quotas

In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

Unauthorized Migration

People who enter a country without proper documents to do so

Arable Land

Land that can be used to grow crops

Climate

The long term patterns of weather in a particular area

Dispersed

Spread out or scattered

Landform

The Natural features on Earth’s surface

Subsistence Agriculture

A agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one’s family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock

Temperate Climate

A climate with moderate temperatures and adequate percipitation amounts

Land Degredation

A long damage to the soils ability to support life

Urbanization

Urban growth + Development

Brain Gain

A phenomenon where a country or a place gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

Gravity Model

A model that predicts the interaction between two or more places, geographers derived the model from Newton’s Law of universal gravitation predicts that as a places population increases, migration to that city also increases

Human Trafficking

Defined by the United Nations as “the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud or coercion)”

Intervening Oppurtunity

An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice

Kinship Links

Networks of relatives + friends

Repatriate

To return to one’s country of region

Skills Gap

A shortage of people trained in a particular industry

Transnational Migration

International migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin

Population Distribution

Where people live in a geographic area

Landforms

Natural features on Earth’s surface

Human Migration

When people make a permanent move from one place to another