Contemporary Psychotherapies Test 1

counseling

a process concerned with helping normally functioning or healthy people to achieve their goals or to function more appropriately.

psychotherapy

reconstructive remedial, in-depth work with individuals who suffer from mental disorders or who evidence serious coping deficiencies

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

importance of confidentiality

To protect personal privacy, to maintain a business advantage, to achieve regulatory compliance.

Client Privilege

may claim privilege on behalf of the client (per CA Evidence Code 1015). The client may then:

1.waive privilege and allow the provider to provide the subpoenaed information;

or 2 invoke privilege and refuse to allow the release

informed consent

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Integrative psychotherapy

the integration of multiple therapy approaches, used by 30% to 50% of therapists.

integrative counseling

Creation of a model by synthesizing existing theories and practices; highly individualistic theory owned by the counselor, highly congruent, and flexible so counselor can address client problems

Commonalities between Western and Chinese psychotherapy approaches

Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism are basically stress management programs. Both believe psychological disorders are caused by repeated stress responses.

criticisms of evidence-based practice

Considered by some to be mechanistic and insensitive to individual differences

Not well-suited for working with existential concerns

Difficult to measure both relational and technical aspects of a psychological treatment

Can be misused as a method of cost containment for insurance companies rather than as a way of improving the quality of services

Four criteria used to evaluate counseling and psychotherapy theories

clarity, internal consistent, comprehensive and explains as much as possible with precision, and should be heuristic and serve to promote further research

Role of the Therapist

Collaborator, Investigator, Views client as expert of their own life, maintains curious stance, Co-author of client's new narrative.

risks of advice-giving

we don't know what is in the client's head and even though we can help and support them, they have to grow themselves

defense mechanisms

projection, repression, regression, intellectualization, denial, rationalization, reaction formation, sublimination, displacement, introjection

projection

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

regression

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

intellectualization

a coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint

denial

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

rationalization

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

reaction formation

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

sublimination

individuals transform negative emotions or impulses into positive actions, behavior, or emotion.

displacement

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

introjection

involves taking in and absorbing the values and standards of others

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

(1) Trust vs. Mistrust;

(2) Autonomy vs. Shame;

(3) Initiative vs. Guilt;

(4) Industry vs. Inferiority;

(5) Identity vs. Confusion;

(6) Intimacy vs. Isolation;

(7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption;

(8) Integrity vs. Despair.

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development stages

(1) Trust vs. Mistrust; 0-18 months

(2) Autonomy vs. Shame; 2-3 years

(3) Initiative vs. Guilt; 3-5 years

(4) Industry vs. Inferiority; 6-11 years

(5) Identity vs. Confusion; 12-18 years

(6) Intimacy vs. Isolation; 19-40 years

(7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption; 40-65 years

(8) Integrity vs. Despair. 60- years

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development important events

(1) Trust vs. Mistrust; Feeding

(2) Autonomy vs. Shame; Toilet Training

(3) Initiative vs. Guilt; Exploration

(4) Industry vs. Inferiority; School

(5) Identity vs. Confusion; Social relationships

(6) Intimacy vs. Isolation; Relationships

(7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption; Work and parenthood

(8) Integrity vs. Despair. Reflection on life

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development outcomes

(1) Trust vs. Mistrust; developing a sense of trust towards caretakers

(2) Autonomy vs. Shame; developing a sense of control over physical skills

(3) Initiative vs. Guilt; asserting power and control over the environment

(4) Industry vs. Inferiority; coping with new social and academic demands

(5) Identity vs. Confusion; teens developing a sense of self and personal identity

(6) Intimacy vs. Isolation; forming intimate, loving relationships with other people

(7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption; adults need to create and nurture things that will outlast them

(8) Integrity vs. Despair; older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfilment

Donald Winnicott

transitional objects, holding environments, good enough mothers, transitional experiences, true self, false self

transitional objects

an object a child repeatedly seeks out when in a state of discomfort.

holding environment

an area of protection where the infant doesn't know they are protected.

good enough mother

In object relations, the idea that mothering is never perfect and that what is required for normal development is that the child's needs be met adequately, most of the time

transitional experiences

the middle ground between objective reality (also labeled the "not me") and the subjective omnipotence (the "me")

true self

the part of the infant that feels creative, spontaneous, and real.

false self

when a child acts in compliance with parental wishes.

psychosexual phases of development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

fixation

when a person becomes stuck in a phase of development

oral phase

18 months. (psychoanalysis) the first sexual and social stage of an infant's development

anal phase

18 months-3 years. (psychoanalysis) the second sexual and social stage of a child's development during which bowel control is learned

phallic phase

3-6 years. (psychoanalysis) third phase in Freud's model; child experiences pleasurable and conflicting feelings associated with genital organs, unconscious sexual attraction to parent of opposite sex as well as guilt; fixations results in difficulty with sexual identity and authority figures

latency phase

6-12. fourth phase in freud's model Sexual desires are subdued and not as strong. More interested in school, sports, other things. More social contacts outside of the family.

genital phase

(psychoanalysis) 13 years-. the fifth sexual and social stage in a person's development occurring during adolescence

opening phase

(first phase of psychoanalysis) therapists' first contact with the client and lasts from 3-6 weeks. The therapist notes everything the client says or does for later

development of transference

the second phase of psychoanalysis. The client unconsciously reenacts forgotten childhood memories and repressed unconscious fantasies. Transference prevents us from seeing others entirely objectively; rather, we "transfer" onto them qualities of other important figures in our earlier life.

Working-through phase

the third phase of psychoanalysis. Clients' gaining insights to their issues as a result of transference analysis. The client learns coping and defensive maneuvers with the help of the therapist

Resolution of transference

the fourth phase of psychoanalysis. As soon as goals have been met, the client and therapist set a date to end therapy.

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

dream analysis

the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

analysis of resistance

analysis of patient's use of defenses (or anything that impedes progress)

analysis of transference

The Freudian technique of analyzing and interpreting the patient's relationship with the therapist, based on the assumption that this relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patient's past.

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

psychodynamic

term describes the perspective on psychology in which inner feeling and unconscious tensions are emphasized

ego psychology

a school of psychodynamic thought that emphasizes the skills and adaptive capacities of the ego

Carl Gustav Jung

felt Freud over-emphasized sexual instinct; analytic psychology; metaphysical and mythological components collective unconscious and unconscious archetypes; autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections

five types of archetypes

persona, shadow, anima or animus, the self

persona

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

shadow

the dark side of the ego. Negative side of one's personality

anima/animus

An archetype from Jung's theory referring to the feminine behaviors in males, and the masculine behaviors in females.

the self

the ultimate unity of an individual's personality and is symbolized by the circle, the cross, and the mandala, which is a drawing that draws a person's focus back to the center

spiritual self

concept of self based on thoughts and introspections about personal values, moral standards, and beliefs

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Characteristics that Sigmund Freud believed a psychoanalytic therapist should have

Empathy

Listening Skills

Intelligence

Experience

Trust

Compassion

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

BF Skinner

1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior

Joseph Wolpe

Used classical conditioning theory in psychotherapy and introduced Systematic Desensitatization and concepts of reciprocal inhibition which he applied to reduce anxiety. In treatment he paired relaxation with an anxiety -provoking stimulus until the stimulus no longer produced anxiety.

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

John Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

Rayner

John B. Watson's assistant whom he performed experiments with, including the infamous "Little Albert" experiment.

classical conditioning

Learning through association of stimuli.

operant conditioning

Learning based on the consequences of responding.

unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

Positive punishment

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

Negative punishment

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

behavior therapy techniques

systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, aversion therapy, operant conditioning techniques

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

flooding therapy

A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, thereby providing maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished.

vivo

procedures that take place in the client's actual environment

implosive therapy

A method for decreasing anxiety by exposing the client to an imaginary anxiety stimulus. The method is risky because overexposure can actually increase anxiety.

Integrated Psychopharmacology

refers to the practice of combining psychopharmacology (the use of medications to treat mental disorders) with psychotherapy to provide a comprehensive and patient-centered approach to mental health treatment. This integration aims to address both the biological and psychological aspects of mental illness, ensuring that patients receive a holistic treatment plan that considers their individual needs and circumstances.

Effects of psychoactive medications on parts of the brain

target neurotransmitters in the brain-most often by stimulating or inhibiting their release or blocking their reuptake in a person's nervous system

Role of therapist when clients take psychiatric medications

consultants with the healthcare system, information brokers, and progress monitors

criticisms of behavioral therapy

Too much emphasis is placed on treating the symptoms of disorders (their behaviors)

Little focus on treating the underlying causes

11 Irrational Beliefs of REBT

1. must have love or approval

2. must not fail

3. concept of damning

4. awfulizing (having to see things as awful)

5. external pressures

6. catastrophizing

7. avoiding life challenges

8. dependency

9. past events

10. other peoples' problems are our problem too

11. right and perfect solution

ABCDE in REBT treatment

Activating event or experiences such as family problems or early childhood trauma. Belief system, Consequences, Dispute the irrational beliefs, Effects of ridding oneself of irrational beliefs

collaborative empiricism

refers to the fact that the therapist and client determine goals for treatment and decide how feedback will take place

Cognitive therapy principles

collaborative empiricism, socratic dialogue, and guided discovery

Cognitive therapy techniques

- Reveal Beliefs: (1) Question your interpretations (2) Rank thoughts and emotions

- Test Beliefs: (1) Examine consequences (2) Decatastrophize thinking

- Change Beliefs: (1) Take appropriate responsibility (2) Resist extremes

Criticisms of cognitive behavioral therapy

what if the therapist's worldview is different from that of the client? Acceptable behavior varies by culture. It has a negative view of dependencies. Can't use disrespectful terms like irrational, maladaptive, or dysfunctional

strengths of cognitive behavioral therapy

Clients are empowered to make changes

Techniques tailored to individual

Empirically supported

Variety of psychological disorders

Doesn't take as much time to see results

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). Psychology and neuroscience