HISTORICAL FIGURES - world civ

Martin Luther

• Protestant Reformation

• Wrote “95 Theses” —> a formal challange to the catholic church

• saw catholic church as deeply corrupt

• believed salvation is something you can only do on your own, not pay to get into heaven

Aurangzeb

• This mughal emperor promoted Islamic supremacy and abandoned policies of religious tolerance, contributing to the empire’s eventual fragmentation

Louis XIV

• Ruler of France

• discusses his role as king and the nature of royal authority, emphasizing obedience, unity, and his central position in the state

Galileo Galilei

• Philosopher during enlightenment

• pioneered the experimental scientific method, heliocentrism, and revolutionizing astronomy within the imporved telescope technology

Immanuel Kant [you KAN do it]

• “dare to know!”- his motto about intellectual courage, independence during the enlightenment

Dona Marina (La Malinche)

• this indigenous woman served as a crucial cross-cultural intermediary and interpreter for the spanish during the conquest of the aztec empire

Jahangir

• a mughal emperor of India, describes his reign in his own memoirs focusing on justice, administration, court life, and his authority as ruler

Matteo Ricci

• Jesuit missionary attempted to convert the Chinese elite by adopting Confucian dress and learning the language

nicolaus Copernicus

• revolutionized scientific theory by proposing a heliocentric model which placed the sun in the center

Wang Yangming

• Influential Ming thinker (1472–1529) who argued that anyone could achieve a virtuous life by introspection and contemplation, without the extended education and study of traditional Confucianism.

Mehmed II

• the ottoman ruler who achieved the long-desired conquest of Constantinople in 1453

Niccolo Machiavelli

• was a diplomat and offered his assessment of Ottoman government in “the prince”

• saying there are two different types of states

  • France

  • Turkey

    • surrounded by a large number of ancient royals

    • loved by subjects

  • did not include religion, more psychology

    • secular humanism

    • analytical approach to politics

    • shocking to people at the time

Kangxi

• responded to the pope Clements ban of the practice of ancestral worship by saying they were done with christianity and the jesuits in China

Isaac Newton

• english scientist whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanic is regarded as the culmination of the scientific revolution

Voltaire

• a french writer whose work is often taken as a model of the enlightenments outlook; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion

Ayuba Suleiman Diallo

• west african muslim scholar from prominent family

• sent by his father to send slaves

• he was actually attacked and forced into slavery on accident

• people eventually brought him back to europe and was paid to be free

• then he comes back to Africa and lives a prosperous life for 40 years selling other slaves

Peter the Great

• the Russian Tsar who traveled to Western Europe and returned determined to modernize his country, even forcing his nobles to shake their beards