English Keystone Preparation: 2023

Author’s Purpose

what’s the author’s opinion?

what information did they include/leave out?

what’s the connotation of the author’s word choice?

what’s the overall tone?

Figurative Language

tools or techniques that writers use to make their writing more intersting or easier to understand

Purpose of Figurative Language

authors use figurative language to better communicate tehir complex and abstract ideas that cannot be easily understood, help to elicit emotion, helps readers form mental images and draw readers into the work

Fiction vs. Nonfiction

fiction is created from imagination while nonfiction is written based from facts

Purpose of Personification

gives human-like characteristics to non-human like things to help the reader relate to and better understand the text. Mkaes the text more engaging for the reader.

Purpose of Imagery

helps convey an image in the reader’s mind. makes the story more captivating and engaging

Purpose of Simile

a comparison using like or as to compare different nouns. makes texts more interesting.

Purpose of Flashbacks

gives the readers insight into the characters history/backgorund that provided more context for the readers. adds more plot to the story

Purpose of Allusion

making reference to something in order to make a comparison. the author uses this to make the text more understandable and relatable

Purpose of Metaphor

helps the reader understand, pay attention, and remember messages. to compare things to have a more captivating image. doesn’t use like or as

Purpose of Foreshadowing

\-hints as to what will happen later in the plot

\-to create suspense + tension

\-keeps reader engaged

Purpose of Satire

\-the usage of exaggeration

\-to criticise

\-readers can understand the purpose of the story through the author’s opinion

Purpose of Hyperbole

an exaggeration or overstatement not meant to be taken seriously, used to get a point across, to help make a story more imageful

Purpose of Irony

\-serves as a way to teach lessons

\-adds humor or can create tension

\-makes the text more relatable

Keystone Exam: Constructed Response Grading

\-CCARS- clear, consistent, accurate, relevant, specific

\-ANSWER THE PROMPT

\-Identify the 2 pieces/ elements that need to be answered

\-Include reference to TWO pieces of evidence

\-Thesis statement is 1st sentence

\-one paragraph

Main Idea

\-the key information that the anuthor wants you to know after reading

\-the main idea is teh central point or message that the author wants to convey in a piece of writing, it is the most important thought or concept that the reader should take away from the text

Main idea vs. Theme

the main idea is what the book is mostly about, the theme is the message, lesson, or moral of a book.

Finding the Main Idea

\-summarize each paragraph and identify the main topic/point they have in common

\-ask what or whom the writing is about

\-ask “what does the author want me to know about this topic?'“

\-ask yourself what the character is learning

\-authors often explicitly state the main idea in the intro or conclusion.

\-look for reversal transitions…words like but, otherwise, however…

\-look for ideas that are repeated in different ways

Connotation

\-the feeling a word evokes

\-the way a word feels

\-help understand the tone of a passage

Denotation

\-dictionary definition of a word

Satire

\-a joke…but used as commentary

\-used to highlight comedy/humor AND social activism

\-satire is the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denounciating, or deriding vice or folly

\-poking fun in order to provide humor while also criticizing teh object to evoke change

Purpose of Satire

\-promote change through comedy

Keystone Exam: Constructed Response Grading

* CCARS - Clear, consistant, accurate, relevant, specific
* ANSWER THE PROMPT
* Identify the 2 pieces/elements that need to be answered
* Include reference to TWO pieces of evidence
* Thesis statement is 1st sentence
* One paragraph

Poetry

Free verse

Free verse is a type of poetry that does not follow a specific rhyme scheme or meter. It is characterized by its lack of traditional structure and often relies on the natural rhythms of speech. Free verse allows poets to experiment with language and form, and can be used to convey a wide range of emotions and ideas.

affix

One or more letters occurring as a bound form attached to the beginning, end, or base of a word and serving to

produce a derivative word or an inflectional form (e.g., a prefix or suffix).

allegory

A form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative are equated with meanings

that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning may have moral, social, religious, or political significance, and

characters are often personifications of abstract ideas such as charity, greed, or envy.

alliteration

The repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words.

allusion

analysis

antonym

argument/position

author’s purpose

bias

biography

character

characterization

climax

compare/contrast

connotation

conflict/problem

context clues

cultural significance

defense of a claim

dialect

dialogue

diction

differentiate

drama

dramatic script

draw conclusion

elements of fiction

elements of nonfiction

evaluate

explain

explicit

exposition

fact

falling action

fiction

figurative language

first person

flashback

focus

foreshadowing

generalization

genre

headings, graphics, and charts

hyperbole

imagery

implicit

inference

informational text

interpret

irony

key/supporting details

key words

literary device

literary element

literary form

literary movement

literary nonfiction

main idea

metaphor

monologue

mood

motif

multiple meaning words

narrative

narrator

nonfiction

opinion

personification

plot

poetry

point of view

prefix

propoganda