AP Psych Unit 4 Conditioning and Learning

habituation

organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together

classical conditioning: 2 stimulus

operant conditioning: response and consequence

classical conditioning

learning where you link two or more events/stimuli to anticipate other events

operant conditioning

learning where behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

observational learning

learning by observing others, social learning

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that initially produces no specific response but can become associated with an unconditioned stimulus through conditioning

ex: bell

unconditioned response

a natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without prior learning

ex: salvation when food is present

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning

ex: food

conditioned response

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

ex. salvation to bell

conditioned stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually triggers a conditioned response

ex. bell

acquisition

the initial stage in classical conditioning where an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is formed, leading to the conditioned response

high-order conditioning

learning process where a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a conditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response

ex: scientist who dropped the food by the dog

extinction

the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus

generalization

the tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

opposite of discrimination

discrimination

the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the specific one that has been conditioned

opposite of generalization

positive reinforcement

increasing behavior with positive reinforcers

negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping negative stimuli

positive punishment

decrease behaviors by adding something unpleasant

negative punishment

decreasing behaviors by taking away something good

primary reinforcer

satisfies biological needssociates with primary reinforcers

ex: money, good grades

secondary reinforcers

associated with primary reinforces

ex: money, good grades

shaping

reinforcers used to guide behavior

ex: using dog treat to get a trick

continuous reinforcement schedule

reinforcing every time desired response occurs

partial reinforcement schedule

reinforcing a response part of the time

slower acquisition of a response but greater resistance to extinction

fixed-interval

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

ex: tuesday discount prices

fixed ratio

reinforces a response only after a specified number of response

ex: buy 10 coffees get 1 free

variable-interval

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals: checking for a text

variable-ratio

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

ex: slot machines

Albert Bandura

bobo doll experiment

Ivan Pavlov

dog and bell experiment

B.F. Skinner

skinner box experiment

Edward Thorndike

cage escape experiment

John B. Watson

little albert experiment