ph determination and specific gravity

Acidic

normal pH

if pH is 9

due to unpreserved / old specimen

pH= 5-6

first morning urine

pH= 4-8

random specimen

acidic urine

• D. mellitus

• starvation

• high protein diet

• cranberry juice

• emphysema

• dehydration

• diarrhea

• bacteria E. coli

• medication

alkaline urine

• renal tubular acidosis

• vegetarian diet

• after meal

• vomiting

• old specimen

• hyperventilation

• presence of urease producing bacteria

Normal SG (Random)

• 1.003-1.035

• Isosthenuria

Less SG <1.003

• not a urine

• SG <1.010

• Hyposthenuria

Greater SG >1.040

• due to radiographic dye

• SG >1.010

• Hypersthenuria

Urinometry

• Principle: Buoyancy

• Calibration temperature: 20* C

Refractometry

• Principle: Refractive index

• Calibrator: Distilled water

Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry

Based on the frequency of a soundwave entering solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution