AP Bio Midterm (New Material)

What are collections of specialized cells of the same or similar type that perform a common function in the body?

Tissues

What are the four types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

What type of tissue are tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer over body surfaces? It lines body cavities & covers surfaces- protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, & filtration, and forms glands. In this tissue, one side is often exposed to the environment, and the other is exposed to a basement membrane.

Epithelial tissue

JUNCTIONS may connect epithelial cells.

What junction type is joined by proteins found in the kidneys and intestines? It has no permeability. An example are kidneys and intestines. They are closer than desmosomes, cand onnect plasma membranes. They are found in tissues that serve as barriers.

tight junctions

What type of junction is a strong, yet flexible connection of cells? An example is the skin, heart, and bladder. It is most common and attaches adjacent cells.

Adhesion junctions

What type of junction has protein channels that allow molecules to pass through & cells to communicate? An example is the heart and organs. This junction allows cellular communication. It is formed when two identical plasma membranes join together and 6 membrane proteins line each channel and allow small molecules and ions to pass through.

Gap junctions

What is the study of tissue called?

Histology

What type of epithelial tissue is a single layer of cells?

Simple epithelia

What type of simple epithelial tissue is a flat cell; that lines blood vessels & air sacs in the lungs? It is porous and allows diffusion and a single layer of cells.

simplle squamous epithelium

What type of simple epithelial tissue consists of cube shaped cells; lining of glands and kidney tubules? It absorbs molecules, cube shaped.

simple cuboidal

What type of simple epithelial tissue looks like rectangular pillars or columns; or lines the small intestine and uterine tubes? It can be ciliated (uterine tubes)? Found in the kidneys.

simple columnar epithelium

What type of simple epithelial tissue appears layered; each cell touches the basement membrane; lines the trachea; and mucus coating? Found in the lungs. Has cilia that move mucus, and secretory.

Pseudostratified cilated columnar

What type of epithelial tissue has layers of cells piled on each other?

complex epithelial tissue

What type of complex epithelial tissue has the bottom layer touching the basement membrane; lines the nose, esophagus, anal canal, and vagina? It protects and forms a barrier.

stratified squamous tissue

What type of complex epithelial tissue is when tissue changes in response to tension and is the lining of the urinary bladder?

transitional epithelium

What type of tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed in the body? It has three components: specialized cells, ground substance, and protein fibers.

connective tissue

What are the three components of connective tissue?

Which one has noncellular material and is solid/semifluid? it is a connective tissue matrix, a noncellular material that separates cells.

ground substance, specialized cells, protein fibers

What are the three types of protein fibers (protein giving flexibility and strength, highly branched forming delicate supproting nextworks, elastin protein)

collagen, reticular, elastic

What major class of connective tissue is loose, dense, and adipose? It contains ___________ which are baby, immature cells separated by a jellylike matrix of white collagen & yellow elastic fibers.

fibrous, fibroblasts

What major class of connective tissue is cartiage? (hyaline, elastic, fibro-bone, compact, cancellous “spongy”)

supportive

What major class of connective tissue is blood? (white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, lymph, interstitial fluid) Blood consists of these formed elements.

fluid

What type of connective tissue gives support to the epithelium and organ tissue, encloses internal organs, vessels, & nerves, protection, and flexibility? It has protective covering of muscles.

loose fibrous connective tissue

What type of loose fibrous tissue is an energy reservoir, and contains fibroblasts that store fat? It has adipocytes and provides insulation, cushioning, and contours. This tissue has a fixed number of adipocytes: heavy individuals have larger cells- lose weight, and cells shrink. 

adipose tissue

What type of fibrous connective tissue has collagen fibers packed together and has functions?

dense fibrous connective tissue

In cartilage, cells lie in small chambers called ________ separated by a matrix that is solid yet flexible.

lacunae

What term means no veins, arteries, or vessels?

avascular

What type of cartilage is found at the ends of long bones? (fetal bones)

hyaline

What type of cartilage is very flexible; ends of ears?

elastic

What type of cartilage has intervertebral discs?

fibro

Bone is the most rigid and has a hard matrix of inorganic salts around protein fibers.

What type of bone has shafts of long bones, cylindrical structural units- called osteons (Haversian systems), vascular, filled with yellow (fat) bone marrow?

compact bone

What type of bone is found at the ends of long bones, flat bones, and is the site of red bone marrow production, rbcs?

cancellous (spongy bone)

What does blood create? This helps in movement of CO2 and O2, distributes heat, pH & ion balance.

interstitial fluid

What are biconcave disks with no nucleus?

• Contains a 4-unit molecule- hemoglobin (globulin protein & an iron-containing structure- heme)

• Transports oxygen to tissue

red blood cells

What are larger cells with a nucleus? It is blue or purple when stained.

It fights infection by _____________- kill and eat and producing ______________- inactivating and killing.

These cells are important for developing immunity. What are the different types?

white blood cells, Phagocytosis, antibodies, easinophil, monocyte, basophil, lymphocyte, neutrophil

What are made up of cell fragments and are present in bone marrow?

They form a plug and release molecules to stop bleeding.

Platelets (thrombocytes)

What absorbs excess interstitial fluid and returns back to blood?

• Has lymph nodes that clean blood and trap pathogens.

• Contains lymphocytes.

• Lymphatic vessels run parallel to blood vessels.

lymph

What type of tissue is made up of cells called muscle fibers that are specialized to contract? This accounts for movement.

muscle tissue

What type of muscle tissue is voluntary and skeletal?

• Cause movement when contracting

• Has active fiber and myosin

• Cylindrical and long

• Contain nuclei

• Contracts fast

• Has alternating dark and light bands, giving the striped appearance.

striated tissue

What type of muscle tissue is involunatry and visceral?

• Makes up organs and vessels

• Spindle-shaped with nuclei

• Contracts slowly but remains longer

smooth tissue

What type of muscle tissue is found in the heart only and is striated and involuntary?

• Have a single nucleus.

• Cells are branched and fused with other cardiac cells.

• Bound end to end by intercalated disks.

cardiac tissue

What type of tissue contains nerve cells (neurons) and neuroglia? It conveys signals and impulses through the body.

nervous tissue

What part of a neuron conducts signals to the cell body?

Dendrites

What part of a neuron contains a nucleus and cytoplasm of the nerve cell?

cell body

What part of a neuron conducts nerve signals away from the cell body, covered in insulating myelin sheath, and has fibers bound by connective tissue from nerves?

axon fiber

Whar makes up more than half of nerves?

• Support & nourish the nerves.

• Contribute to brain function

• Do not undergo cell division

neuroglia

What type of neuroglia engulfs bacteria and debris?

microglia

What type of neuroglia provides nutrients and glial cell-derived growth factor?

astrocytes

What type of neuroglia form myelin in the brain?

oligondendrocytes

What is the maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism using self-regulating organisms?

Homeostasis

What organism is homeothermic and allows adaptations?

endotherms

What organism is poikilothermic, saves energy, restricts ability to live in extreme temps?

ectotherms

What type of feedback is a primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a particular value? Example is body temp and glucose regulation.

negative feedback

What type of feedback is a mehcanism that brings about a continually greater change in the same direction? Example is the release of oxytocin and nursing to stimulate milk production in mammals.

positive feedback

The digestive system…

• ________ food 

• __________ food down into easily assimilated molecules

• ___________ nutrients

• ____________ waste

• runs from mouth to ________

What is the digestive system also called?

ingests, breaks, absorbs, eliminates, alimentary canal, anus

What does the digestive system consist of?

What about accessory digestive organs?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

What tract has a single opening used as an entrance for food and an exit for wastes?

An example is the planarian.

In this tract, food enters the mouth through the muscular pharynx, gastrovascular cavity branches throughout the body, wastes exit through the mouth and muscular pharynx and it lacks specialized parts.

incomplete digestive tract

What tract has two openings?

An example is the earthworm

In this tract, food enters through the mouth and wastes exit through the anus. Specialization of parts is obvious because the pharynx, crop, gizzard, and intestine have their own functions. 

complete digestive tract

In ____________filter feeders water always moves into the mantle cavity via the incurrent siphon, particles are deposited on gills, size of the incurrent siphon permits the entry of only small particles, and do not need a food storage area.

An example are clams

continous

______________ filter feeders move rapidly through water using jet propulsion, use tentacles to seize prey, have beaklike jaws pull pieces into the mouth with the radula

• Food storage area needed

• The stomach, with cecum, retains food until digestion is finished. 

discontinous

What animal eats meat and vegetables? These animals have better ability to adapt to different food sources.

An example is clams and tube worms.

omnivores

What animal eats only plants?

They have incisors for clipping and pre molars for grinding.

Examples of this animal are land snails, koalas, grazers, and ruminants.

herbivores

What animal eats only other animals, have pointed incisors and enlarged canines?

Examples of this animal are spiders, sea stars, dogs, lions, and dolphins.

carnivores

The human digestive tract is a complete….

• Part of a tube-within-a-tube body plan

• Begins with a _______ and ends in an _______

• Digestion is entirely ____________

• Is __________ as well as ___________

• Digestive enzymes are secreted by the wall of the digestive tract and the wall of the digestive tract near accessory glands.

mouth, anus, multicellular, mechanical, chemical

What type of digesrtive system is 4 chambered and has a compartmentalized stomach? It consists of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum.

Ruminant

What digestive system consists of the mouth, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, and intestines?

avian

What digestion begins in the mouth, goes to the stomach, then to the small and large intestines? It consists of accesory organs: gall bladder, and pancreas.

monogastric

What structure is where digestion begins?

What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?

What is the posterior extension of the soft palate?

What contains salivary amylase and initiates starch digestion?

mouth, palate, uvula, saliva

What structure is composed of striated muscle and an outer layer of mucous membrane? It mixes chewed food with saliva and forms mixture into a bolus.

tongue

What structure is where digestive and respiratory passages come together and separate? The soft palate closes off nasopharynx during swallowing.

pharynx

What covers the glottis and keeps food from air passages?

epiglottis

What moves food to stomach by a rhythmical contraction to move contents in tubular organs? What is this movement called?

esophagus, peristalsis

• What is the central space of the digestive tract through which food passes?

• The wall of the digestive tract is composed of the _________, ___________, ____________, and _________ layers.

• Contraction of the two smooth muscle layers in the muscularis causes movement of gut contents from esophagus to rectum by peristalsis. 

lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

What are the deep folds in the stomach wall called?

These folds disappear as the stomach fills to an approximate volume of 1 L.

Epithelial linings of the stomach has millions of gastric pits, which lead to gastric glands.

What do gastric glands secrete?

Stomach pH is about 2.0, which can kill bacteria in food.

What is a hydrolytic enzyme that acts on a protein to produce peptides?

rugae, hydrochloric acid, pepsin

What is the act of swallowing, the process of moving food from mouth to the pharynx into esophagus to reach the stomach?

deglutination

What is the organ attached to the liver that stores and concentrates bile?

gallbladder

• A layer of mucus protects the stomach wall from enzymatic action

• When gastric acid leaks upward, the mucosal lining can be irritated. Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) can cause heartburn.

• Food mixed with gastric juices becomes _________. 

• Junction between the stomach and small intestine is controlled by a ____________. 

• Chyme entering the stomach starts a reflex, causing the sphincter at the stomach’s base to contract and close the opening.

• When the sphincter relaxes a small quantity of chyme passes into the small intestine. 

chyme, sphincter

What are the segments of the small intestine?

• Chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum, and chyme mixes with secretions from the liver and pancreas. 

duodenum, jejunum, ilium

What produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder?

Bile contains bile salts which break up fat into droplets via emulsification.

It is the largest gland in the body and is located in the uper right abdominal cavity, under the diaphragm.

Lobules are its structural and functional units.

liver

Triads consist of

• a bile _______

  • a branch of the hepatic ________ and _________ _________

Blood moves from the intestines to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

Blood moves from the liver to the inferior vena cava via hepatic veins.

duct, veins, portal vein

The liver…

• Detoxifies __________

• Is a storage and removal of _______ and some ___________ and glucose as glycogen

• Produces __________ _____________, urea, and bile

• Regulates __________ ____________ levels and blood cholesterol levels

  • Removal of _____________

blood, iron, vitamins, plasma proteins, blood glucose, bilirubin

What is an exocrine gland, it secretes pancreatic juice and digestive enzymes into the duodenum?

It lies deep in the abdominal cavity, secretes insulin and glucagon hormones to regulate glucose levels.

It has a endocrine and exocrine function.

Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes acid chyme from the stomach, pancreatic amylase digests starch, trypsin digests protein, lipase digests fat

pancreas

What produces digestive enzymes and complete the process of food digestion in the intestine?

epithelial cells

What are found in the wall of the small intestine? They are ridges on the surface and contain smaller ridges called ____________.

They contain digestive enzymes called ____-_________ enzymes. and greatly increase the surface area for absorption. Each contain blood capillaries and a lacteal (lymphatic capillary)

villi, microvilli, brush-border

What includes cecum, colon, rectum, and anus? It is large in diameter but shorter in length than small intestine. This structure absorbs water, salts, and some vitamins. It stores undigestable material until eliminated as feces.

It has a large population of bacteria that break down indigestable material and produce vitamins. Poop leaves the body through the anus, the opening of the anal canal.

Large intestine

What is the small projection of the cecum? What does the colon join? What do bacteria produce in the large intestine?

appendix, rectum, vitamin K

What is found at the junction of the small and large intestine?

appendix

What stores stool and moves stool out of body?

rectum