Ch. 8 - Terms

Exercise Metabolism & Bioenergetics

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

Bioenergetics

the study of how energy flows through living organisms

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

first law of thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Macronutrients

Food substances required in large amounts to supply energy and include protein, carbohydrate, and fat.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

Glycogen

storage form of glucose in animals

Ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)

The point at which the body uses an equal mix of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources.

Ventilatory Threshold 2 (VT2)

The point where glucose provides nearly all of the energy for the activity.

Fats

lipids

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

free fatty acids

The by-products of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats, metabolized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create adenosine triphosphate.

Protein

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur, and that have several essential biologic compounds.

essential amino acids

Amino acids that are needed, but cannot be made by the body; they must be eaten in foods

nonessential amino acids

amino acids that can be manufactured by the body in sufficient quantities and therefore do not need to be consumed regularly in our diet

Gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Ketogenesis

formation of ketone bodies

ketosis

A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support.

ATP-PC system

This energy system is used for short, quick energy requirements and will provide energy for muscle contraction for up to 10-15 seconds

sprinting

lifting heavy load, low reps

immediate energy

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

Glycolysis

A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

beta oxidation

The first step in the process to break down fats via oxidative phosphorylation.

Steady-state aerobic exercise

Aerobic exercise that remains at a relatively constant intensity, including a stable heart rate and oxygen consumption.

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

The state in which the body's metabolism is elevated after exercise.

Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

The number of calories used by an organism's body during a 24-hour period.

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

The rate at which the body expends energy (calories) when fasted and at complete rest, such as asleep or lying quietly.

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

additional energy use for digestion; 6-10% of total energy expenditure

nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise, such as walking, completing household chores, and taking the stairs.