APUSH U3

Period 4: 1800-1848

Election of 1800

1st election between opposing parties; Jefferson wins; peaceful transfer of power; electoral tie - congress decided

Revolution of 1800

Another name for the election of Jefferson, due to the peaceful transfer of power between the two political sects

Jeffersonian Republic

Increased power in the executive branch (ironic); favored democracy by the masses over an aristocratic democracy

Louisiana Purchase

Around doubled the size of the US; land bought for 3¢/acre (total $15mil for 531.2 acres)

Manifest Destiny

US had a God-given right to expand westward, even if it meant encroaching on and stealing natives’ territories

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years; created Judicial Review

Judicial Review

the ability of a Federal Court (esp. Supreme Court) to interpret both laws and the constitution alongside their constitutionallity

Barbary Pirates

Arabs operating off the coast of N. Africa; raided US & Eur. ships; Jefferson sent marines to deal with them in 1803 without congressional approval

Impressment

Britain attacking & kidnapping US sailors (most were British-born US immigrants); Chesapeake incident is a major example

Embargo Act

Jefferson’s attempt at preventing a war with England; halted the export of US goods to Europe; asked for “peaceable coercion”

War of 1812

US vs GB; US wanted true sovereignty (no Brit. forts in the west); ends in a stalemate; last major battle fought after the war ended

James Madison

Sec. of State under Jefferson; elected President in 1810

War Hawks

Americans pushing for US involvement in the W1812

Tecumseh

native leader who argued that the natives had a right to their land because they were there first

Aaron Burr

Hamilton’s friend and killer; lost the election of 1800 after Hamilton endorsed Jefferson over him

Andrew Jackson

7th president; “old hickory;” military leader during the W1812, specifically the battle of New Orleans; 1st president to veto bills just because he didn’t like them

Battle of New Orleans

last major battle of the W1812; was fought nearly 2 weeks after the treaty ending the war was signed as communication was slow; US victory - used to argue that the US technically won the war

James Monroe

5th president; won the elections of both 1816 and 1820 nearly unanimously (received 99.5% of electoral votes in 1820); DR

Virginia Dynasty

4 out of the first 6 presidents were all from VA (minus Adams and JQA who were from MA)

John Quincy Adams

6th president; Monroe’s Sec. of State; Adams’ son

Henry Clay

“great compromiser;” member of the HoR, then a Sec. of State, then a senator; created the American System; founded the Whig Party

Panic of 1819

first major market crash in the US; caused by overspeculation of frontier land in the west; led to deflation of the dollar, bankruptcies, and rampant unemployment

The American System

created by Henry Clay; 3 major parts: (1) protective tariffs, (2) a 2nd national bank, (3) infrastructural improvements paid for by the fed. gov; never passed in full by congress, but its existence proved that Hamilton still had influence

Tariff of 1816

taxed imported goods; protected US manufacturers by encouraging people to buy American; 1st protective tariff

Missouri Compromise

series of agreements passed in 1820 that maintained a balance between slave and free states; determined that slavery would be off limits on all land above 36.30 latitude (Minus MO); admitted Maine to the US as a free state and Missouri as a slave state

Missouri Line

36.30 latitude; slavery was banned in all states north of the line (minus Missouri)

Adams-Onis Treaty

settled land disputes between the US & Spain; US received Florida and shared Oregon Country w GB; Spain received the southwestern US and Texas

Market Revolution

US shift from subsistence agriculture to a focus on national industry and commerce. connected to the IndRev, but was a uniquely American experience

Cotton Gin

invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. 1st major use of interchangeable parts

Whig Party

led by Henry Clay; anti-Jacksonian; valued an involved gov., a national bank, & protective tariffs

Spoils System

rewarded Jackson’s supports with good government jobs; valued loyalty and youth over experience

Corrupt Bargain

Jackson’s name for the election of 1824; he won the popular vote, but the electoral margins were too close so congress decided; Clay was speaker of the house and essentially made Jackson lose

Nullification Crisis

Southerners (esp. SC) felt that the tariff of 1828 did all harm and no good because it only raised prices of things SC’rs were buying and provided no extra profit. Calhoun (Jackson’s VP), who was from SC, encouraged SC leaders to push back and nullify/void the tariffs. Jackson then threatened to kill Calhoun (but didn’t).

Jacksonian Democracy

increased white male suffrage, return of a two party system, valued loyalty and position over experience, spoils system

Indian Removal Act

(1830) ordered the relocation of all native tribes from the south to Oklahoma; led to the “Trail of Tears” and the deaths of thousands of natives

Bureau of Indian Affairs

created in 1836 to “deal with” the native populations

Cult of Domesticity

a woman’s “sphere” was in the home and her role was to “civilize” her husband and family

Seneca Falls Convention

1848; Led by Stanton and Lucretia Mott. First-ever Women’s Rights Convention

Declaration of Sentiments

created at the Seneca Falls Convention; essentially a declaration of women’s rights; had identical language to the Declaration of Independence except including women; intentional

Elizabeth Stanton

was turned away from the London World Anti-Slavery Convention for being a woman (hypocritical), so she proceeded to create the first woman’s rights convention; Susan B. Anthony’s mentor

Abolition

anti-slavery movement

William Lloyd Garrison

immediatist; saw slavery as a moral issue rather than economic or political - no option to be moderate

Gag Rule

no actions/speeches about slavery are allowed in congress