To respond to stimuli by initiation action (motor neurons serve this function)
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Integrative function of the Nervous System
Analyze incoming sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
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The Central Nervous system is made up of
The brain and spinal cord
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The peripheral nervous system is made up of
Nervous tissue outside of the CNS (nerves and sensory receptors)
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Sensory (afferent) division
Carries signals to your brain to help you touch, taste, smell and see
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Motor (efferent)
Carries nerve impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands throughout the body
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Somatic Nervous System
Conveys motor output from the CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary)
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Autonomic Nervous System
Conveys motor output from the CNS smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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The Autonomic Nervous system can be divided into the
sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and enteric nervous system.
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Neurons are made up of
A cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon
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Dendrites
A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body
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Axon
The long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells
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Synapse
A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
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Synaptic end bulb
The bulb at the end of the axon in which neurotransmitter molecules are stored and released
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Synaptic vesicles
Store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse
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Neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that carry chemical signals from one neuron to the next target cell
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Multipolar Neuron
Consists of one axon extending from the cell body and multiple dendrites grow out of it, making transmitting information easier
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Bipolar Neuron
A type of neuron that has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite) leading from the cell body
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Unipolar Neuron
Contains one axon extending from the cell body that extends into dendrites (not found in vertebrates)
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Neuroglia
Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should
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Astrocyte
A large star-shaped cell that holds nerve cells in place and helps them develop and work the way the should
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Fibrous Astrocytes
Cytoplasmic processes are long, few, smooth, thin and less branched
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Protoplasmic astrocytes
Cytoplasmic processes are short, numerous, more branch and thick
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Oligodendrocytes
The myelinating cells of the central nervous system
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Microglial
The most prominent immune cells of the central nervous system and are the first to respond when something goes wrong in the brain
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Ependymal Cells
A cell that forms the lining of the fluid-filled spaces in the brain and spinal cord
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Schwann Cells
The major glial cell type in the peripheral nervous system; they play essential roles in the development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of peripheral nerves
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Satellite Cells
Surrounds some neurons in the peripheral nervous stem; they provide nutrient support and protection
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The myelin sheath is produced by
Schwann cells (PNS) and Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
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White Matter
Composed primarily of myelinated axons
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Gray Matter
The nervous system contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia
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Action Potential
The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell (allows communication over short and long distances)
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Graded Potential
Proportional in amplitude to the size of the input stimulus (allows communication over short distances only)
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Resting Potential
The electrical potential of a neuron or other excitable cell relative to its surroundings when not stimulates or involved in passage of an impulse
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Resting membrane potential is determined by
1. Unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol 2. Inability of most cytosolic anions to leave the cell 3. Electrogenic nature of the Na+/K+ ATPases
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Electrical signals produced by neurons and muscle fibers rely on
Membrane proteins that allow rapid and selective flow of K+/Na+ ions across the cell membrane
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Ligand-Gated Channels
Respond to chemical stimuli (ligand binds to receptor)
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Mechanically-Gated Channels
Respond to mechanical vibration or pressure stimuli
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Voltage-Gated Channels
Respond to direct changes in membrane potential
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Electrical Synapse
Gap junctions connect cells (connexons) and allow the transfer of information to synchronize the activity of a group of cells
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Chemical Synapse
One-way transfer of information from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron
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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
A depolarizing postsynaptic potential; Contains cation channels
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
A hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential; Contain chloride channels
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Acetylcholine
Slows heart rate
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Biogenic Amines
NE: arousal, dreaming, mood
DA: emotional, addictive, pleasure
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ATP and other purines
Excitatory CNS and PNS
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Nitric Oxide
NO, NOS, memory, learning
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Carbon Monoxide
Excitatory, memory, dilation, vision, olfaction
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Neural Circuits
A functional group of neurons that process specific types of information
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Plasticity
The capability to change based on experience
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Regenerate
The capability to replicate or repair
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The Spinal Cord is protected by
Bone (vertebrae), Connective Tissue (meninges), Fluid (cerebrospinal fluid)
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The meninges are composed of three layers
Dura mater, Arachnoid mater (subarachnoid space CSF), Pia mater
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Dura Mater
The tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord
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Arachnoid Mater
A fine, delicate membrane, the middle one of the three membranes or meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord, situated between the dura mater and the pia mater
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Pia Mater
A delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord
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Cervical Nerves
8 Pairs
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Thoracic Nerves
12 Pairs
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Lumbar Nerves
5 pairs
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Sacral nerves
5 Pairs
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Coccygeal nerves
1 Pair
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Branches
Rami
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Plexuses
A network of axons
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Intercostal Nerves
Aids in the contraction of muscles and the return of sensory information from the skin and parietal pleura
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Dermatomes
Certain segments of the skin are supplied by spinal nerves that carry somatic sensory nerve impulses to the brain
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Cervical Plexus
C1-C4 (C5)
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Brachial Plexus
C5-C8+T1
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Lumbar Plexus
L1-L4
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Sacral Plexus
L4-L5+S1-S4
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Coccygeal Plexus
S4-S5
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Cervical Plexus
Supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck, superior portion of the shoulders and chest, and diaphragm
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Brachial Plexus
Provides almost the entire nerve supply to the shoulders and upper limbs