Thought Leaders Chinese History Midterm

Hong Xiuquan (Hung Hsiu-ch’üan)

Leader (Heavenly King), proclaims Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 1851, Taiping Rebellion. Rejects confucianism and Manchu Dynasty, christian visions. Part of Hakka people. Theocratic monarchy, protestant christianity, puritanism, egalitarianism.

Kang Youwei (K’ang Yu-wei)

Leader of Hundred Days’ Reform 1898. Shared ideas with Guangxu emperor for them to be enacted. “New text” school of confucianism describes “confucius as a reformer” and tried to reinvent Confucianism as a philosophy of social change.

Liang Qichao (Liang Ch’i-chao)

Follower of Kang Youwei, thought leader in Hundred Days Reform 1898. Journalist. Helped write so that Kang Youwei’s thoughts were understood. Emphasized wealth and power as the salvation of China, promoted institutional reform, led Democratic party.

Zou Rong (Tsou Jung)

Studying in japan. Authored revolutionary manifesto 1903. Promoted ethnic nationalism, exile and slaughter of manchus, inspired by western political philosophy: equality, natural rights, freedom, people can overthrow government violating rights.

Sun Yat-sen

Lived in Honolulu and Hong Kong. Founder of Revolutionary Alliance in Tokyo 1905. Three principles: nationalism (for Han), democracy (republic), livelihood. Leader of Nationalist Party, first provisional president of Republic of China, established Whampoa Military Academy.