Rise & Spread of Islam and Early African Civilizations

What made Mecca a major trade hub?

Mecca's location on caravan routes.

How did the Kaaba impact Mecca's economy?

It attracted religious pilgrims, boosting the economy.

Why did many Meccan leaders oppose Islam initially?

They felt it threatened their power and wealth.

What social challenge did Islam's message present to Meccan elites?

It promoted equality, challenging the existing social structure.

What was a concern for Meccan merchants regarding conversion to Islam?

It could disrupt their trade relationships with polytheistic merchants.

List some economic benefits of hosting major events in a city.

Increased tourism and trade; boost to local businesses; infrastructure improvements; long-term reputation.

Describe a significant characteristic of life on the Arabian Peninsula.

It was a harsh desert environment with limited water.

What kind of society existed on the Arabian Peninsula?

A tribal society with loyalty to family and clan.

What were common issues in Arabian society?

Tribal rivalries, violence over honor, and economic disparities.

What did Islam's message address regarding tribal divisions?

It promoted unity among tribes.

What was the Kaaba's role in Meccan society?

An economic and religious center attracting pilgrims.

What consequence followed Muhammad's death regarding leadership?

Lack of a clear successor caused division.

What were the two factions that emerged after Muhammad's death?

Supporters of Abu Bakr and supporters of Ali.

What were the effects of the division after Muhammad's death?

Disagreements over succession weakened unity.

How did trade routes influence the spread of Islam?

They facilitated the quick spread of ideas.

What role did military conquests play in the spread of Islam?

They expanded Islamic rule.

What encouraged peaceful conversions among non-Muslims?

Religious tolerance for 'People of the Book' (Christians & Jews).

How did the political stability under Islamic rule impact trade?

It made trade and daily life more secure.

Compare the expansion methods of the Islamic Empire to Rome.

Both expanded through military conquest.

In what way was the Islamic Empire's approach to religious diversity different from some other empires?

It often allowed for more religious diversity under certain conditions.

What geographical features influenced settlement patterns in Africa?

Vast deserts, savannas, and rainforests.

What was the impact of the Sahara desert on trade and movement?

It limited movement but facilitated trans-Saharan trade.

What were some consequences of Bantu migrations?

Spread of language and ironworking; cultural blending with local groups.

What kept political structures in Sub-Saharan Africa from becoming centralized?

Tribal-based political organization.

How did trade contribute to the development of Sub-Saharan Africa?

It enriched kingdoms like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.

What were the major trade goods in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Salt and gold.

How did Ghana's trade monopoly affect its power?

Ghana's salt monopoly strengthened its dominance.