MBBS I Sample Questions (Definitions)

Agonist

An agent that activates a receptor to produce an effect that is similar to that of the physiological signal molecule

Antagonist

An agent that prevents the action of an agonist on a receptor or the subsequent response, but do not have effect on its own.

Transamination

The process in which an amino group from one amino acid is transferred to another, forming an alpha-keto acid and a different amino acid.

Possible effects or consequences of necrosis

Loss of tissue function

Acute inflammation

Release of cell contents

Dystrophic calcification

Effects of repair and regeneration

Infection

Common causes of cell injury

Hypoxia

Physical (trauma)

Chemical (poison)

Biological (bacteria, virus)

Genetic defect

Autoimmune or hypersensitivity reactions

Molecular basis of the refractory period

Inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels after depolarisation

Absolute refractory period

The membrane cannot respond to further stimulation

Relative refractory period

The membrane can only respond to a larger-than-normal stimulus

Significant bacteruria

Larger than or equal to 10^5 colony forming units per mL urine

Lung compliance

Change in lung volume per unit of transmural pressure change

Most common lung carcinoma in HK

Adenocarcinoma

4 steps in the help-seeking process

Perception or recognition of symptoms

Accommodation to symptoms

Breakdown of accommodation to symptoms

Decision to seek help or take action

PICO format

Patient

Intervention

Comparison

Outcome

5 main reversible risk factors in atherosclerosis

Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, smoking, diabetes mellitus

5 core principles for health promotion

Healthy public policies

Create supportive environments

Strengthen community action

Develop personal skills

Reorient health services

5 health promotion approaches

Medical, social, behavioural change, educational, empowerment

4 reasons for pathological hypoxia

Hypoventilation

Physiological shunt

V/Q mismatching

Diffusion impairment

4 signs of nephrotic syndrome

Massive proteinuria (> 3.5 gm/day)

Hyperlipidaemia (high cholesterol)

Low serum albumin

Generalised oedema

4 signs of nephritic syndrome

Gross visible haematuria

Mild proteinuria

Hypertension

Diminished GFR

5 core principles for health promotion

Healthy public policies

Create supportive environments

Strengthen community action

Develop personal skills

Reorient health services

5 health promotion approaches

Medical

Social

Behavioural change

Empowerment

Educational